John von Neumann :: Computer Science

John von Neumann - Von Neumann, a mathematician structured the design model for a CPU. This model was a solitary stockpiling structure to hold both the set of guidelines on the best way to play out the calculation and the information required or produced by the calculation. He structured it by rewarding the directions similarly as the information, a put away program machine can without much of a stretch change the directions. In different words the machine is reprogrammable. Von Neumann’s archtectre is as yet utilized it todays current CPU’S. The CPU - This outline speaks to the structure of the Central Processing Framework. Number juggling Logic Unit - - The ALU performs expansion and deduction, rationale tasks, veiling, what's more, moving (increase and division). Control Unit - The Control Unit is the core of the PC. It controls and co-ordinates the frameworks tasks. This contains the framework clock, program counter and the guidance register. It likewise deals with the signals from the control transport. Registers - This is a type of fast memory which is contained within the CPU. All information must be spoken to in a register before it very well may be prepared. Data is put away briefly in the registers wherein text or support positions or square shapes can be put something aside for sometime in the future. Transports - A transport is a channel or way between the parts in a PC. Having a rapid transport is significant. A transport lets you interface PCs parts to the processor. The benefit of a transport is that it makes parts progressively exchangeable. On the off chance that you need to show signs of improvement illustrations card, you just unplug the old card from the transport and plug in another one. In the event that you need two screens on your PC, you plug two illustrations cards into the transport. Etc. A PC for the most part has two transports. The first interfaces the CPU and the framework memory. This is the quickest transport in the framework. The subsequent transport is the increasingly slow associates different gadgets, similar to the hard circle, CD drive,

Sexuality And Culture A Relationship Analysis Movie Review

Sexuality And Culture A Relationship Analysis - Movie Review Example In the paper Sexuality And Culture A Relationship Analysis the impact of the social standards and qualities with the sexuality by and large will survey. In spite of the fact that with the globalization of the world and expanding faculty development over the globe, there has advanced a circumstance where numerous societies are met at different focuses and individuals having a place with one culture, may display practices identified with some different societies on occasion, yet the degree of the impact of the way of life on sexuality is as yet apparent It can be deliberately said that the social standards whenever seen with the setting of the area and the general public an individual lives in directs in a superior way, an individual shows his practices. Social Product being talked about Different societies on the planet have totally different and one of a kind methods of communicating the sexual want. In not many of the way of life, there might be not very many examples when a male may communicate to the female, his longing to enjoy the sexual cooperation. Whereby, reveling into sex might be viewed as something holy or regarding it as a ‘event’ accordingly making it an extremely uncommon infrequent call for sex. While in certain societies, the manner in which a male would communicate his craving to explicitly associate with the female accomplice might be similarly as having eaten out at the end of the week. This is all especially impacted by the way of life an individual lives into. Accordingly, it is essential for the matter of conversation and examination that a specific social item or a general public be picked to investigate the social parts of sexuality.

2011 Application Process Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

2011 Application Process Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I wanted to take a moment to provide some insight to those that plan on applying for a future semester.   While it is possible to log in to our application at the current time to create an account, it is not yet possible to apply for the spring 2011 or fall 2011 semesters.   Our goal is to have the application live and running by August 15th.   I will keep you updated on our progress on this blog. At this point we recommend that you wait to log in to create an account as we will be making some changes to the application in July and August.   It is fine if you have already created an account, however after the new application goes up you will want to make sure to start at the beginning of the application and review any information you filled in as some of the required fields might change. The deadline for spring 2011 admission will be October 1st and the deadline for fall 2011 admission will be January 5th. We will be taking the application down for a few weeks to implement the technical changes for the coming year.   This will likely occur during the first two weeks of August so we can test the system.   Our changes should not stop you from starting to work on your application materials.   Many of things we ask for will remain constant.   For example: We will still require transcripts from all schools attended since graduating from high school.   Thus you can start accumulating copies of your transcripts for submission.   We do allow applicants to scan copies and upload them to our application site.   This is the recommended method. We will still require two résumés.   A full description of this requirement can be found by clicking here. We will still require either the GRE or the GMAT, and for those that speak English as a second language, the TOEFL or IELTS. We will still require three recommendations.   These should be academic or professional, in other words, individuals that have supervised you in the classroom or in the work place. We will most likely be making some changes to the personal statement so that is something at this point in time that is not decided.   The Admissions Committee hopes to have the final questions/statements ready by the end of July and I will post them to this site as soon as they are finalized.

Effect Of Advertising On Society Essay - 1728 Words

Talking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers which state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how do the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? This review of literature scope was led by the following question: When it comes to communication and advertising are there positive results, negative results and what are the traits that effect these results? To conduct this research, Scholarly Journal Articles were used. Six articles to be exact, as well as a dictionary definition from Webster Online. The findings show that advertisement is effective because advertising has positive as well as negative, social impacts on society. The implications are that advertising is the most debated topic now. Like every other thing it also has some posi tive and negative points. If it has some positive aspects of social impacts on society then it would have some negative impacts additionally. Communication Between Advertisers and Viewers in Society and Their Effects Being Positive or Negative? Television advertisements have been around for many years. But to really understand the effects of the communication between viewers and advertisers, advertising needs to be defined. Advertising (2015) being described as â€Å"published or broadcastShow MoreRelatedAdvertising And Its Effects On Society844 Words   |  4 Pageslogo, and flyers left on windshields as a form of advertising (2011, p.130). According to Medoff and Kaye, advertising serves an educational, social and economic purpose (2011, p.137). Although advertising appears beneficial in many features, it too has its drawbacks and can be similarly unfavorable. Advertising will perhaps become increasingly ubiquitous, increasingly influential, and increasingly controversial (Advertising, 2011, p.152). Advertising is highly criticized, not so much for its very natureRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effects On Society1167 Words   |  5 PagesCome To Advertising has found ways to be subtle about how they go about demeaning and dehumanizing different genders, races, ages, ethnicities, cultures, and sexual orientations. Society would like to believe that advertising has improved from the days of showing women’s place in the kitchen and only having light skinned models but now advertising companies have just become sneakier and wittier about the way they portray people and the worst part is that society encourages it. Society, as a wholeRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On Society1911 Words   |  8 Pagespromotions as they see it as an essential tool in an increasingly capitalistic free market to fuel economic growth. Unfortunately, the surge of unchecked advertising has lead to some adverse effects on societies whether they be moral or ethical in nature. The SAFRA gym advertisement, is an impeccable example of the adverse effects of advertising in today’s society. The advertisement depicts a lean woman who is wear ing purple tank top and tight black leggings working out uncomfortably, as two men watched herRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Society1442 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct. Although sometimes advertising can be quite annoying, it can also help in persuading you to buy a product or service. You may be looking for a specific product for a specific purpose or maybe you have heard of a product simply through its exemplary advertising. There are different viewpoints to advertising and many different ways that it appeals and relates to us as individuals and as a society. Today, in order for the advertisements to stay true to their advertising, there has been a set ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On The Society936 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket; conversely competition can go too far or form into something entirely different. In addition, some companies will do anything to boost sales even if that means sacrificing common etiquette or logic to the masses and against their rivals. Adv ertising is always evolving and adapting, and for now companies and their advertisers through their advertisements are appearing more cynical and critical by the day. Competition has been a motivating force since man was created. It is a driving pressureRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Advertising on Society 1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn a society where malls have replaced parks, churches and community gatherings, many people no longer take time to meet their neighbors; people move frequently as though cities are products to be tried, like differing brands of shampoo. These unfortunate occurrences can be the result of many causes, one of them being advertising. Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twistsRead More The Effects Of Advertising On Society Essay573 Words   |  3 Pages The Effects of Advertising on Society nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fr. Kavanaugh was on the mark when describing the effects of advertising on society. Our moral values are being degraded by the bombardment of impropriety by the media. Adler would be quick in pointing out the reason why these messages have such a negative effect on people. There are two main tactics advertisers use to sell their product: either imply that their product will bring about the achievement of a particular (usuallyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Advertising On Society713 Words   |  3 PagesSociety is constantly being exposed to loads of information through advertisements, but not many people stop to think of the effects of such exposure. Consumer’s lack of regard for the information thrown at them is a gateway for shady corporations to poison innocent minds. Society has an unknown poison- advertisement. Massive corporations get away with influencing the minds of unsuspecting masses by merely stating that advertisements from their company simply inform the public. Advertising can haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Society1504 Words   |  7 Pagesunrealistic ideology of body perfection. This kind of product pushing comes with many different side effects that we as a consumer, might not realize. It is so detrimental that it becomes imbedded in your subconscious. Technology has made it to the point where it’s hard to tell what is real and fake. Advertising has created a pandemic in the way we view the body image of ourselves and the opposite sex in society. The â€Å"perfect† image is damaging to people causing an alarming growth in the form of psychologicalRead MorePhotography in Advertising and Its Effects on Society3789 Words   |  16 Pagesfocused on documenting dying traditions, practices, and ways of life. In 1874, the Society for Photographing the Relics of Old London was founded. In 1897 the National Photographic Record Association was founded by Sir Benjamin Stone with the aim of documenting dying rural ceremonies and traditional festivals in England.(McQuire 125) Even as early as 1855, Sir Fredrick Pollock, in a speech to the Photographic Society of London stressed the importance of the camera in its role to forever preserve

Informative Speech Animal Agriculture - 1076 Words

Topic: How Animal Agriculture Waste Shapes the Environment Organization: Topically Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the ways animal agriculture shapes the environment. I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention getter: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, animal agriculture is a leading source of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions, the top three greenhouse gasses (FAO, 2006). B. Relevance: We all share the same planet, therefore, I believe it is vital to know the ways animal agriculture shapes our environment. C. Credibility statement: I love learning about our environment and have been educating myself for the past year by watching documentaries and reading books on this topic. D. Central Idea: Animal agriculture has been shown to directly have an impact to our environment by a number of environmental experts, national organizations, and committees. E. Initial Preview: We are going to discuss what exactly animal agriculture waste is and how much of it there is, how animal agriculture waste affects our water supply, and how it affects our atmosphere. Transition to 1st main point: First, let’s talk about how much waste comes from animal agriculture and what is in it. II. Body A. Before we can talk about how animal agriculture waste shapes our environment, we must first know exactly what it is and how much of it there is. 1. . Livestock covers about 45% of the earth’s total land (Thornton, Herrero, Ericksen, 2011). .Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Animal Agriculture1628 Words   |  7 PagesName: Anderson Lozano Topic: Animal Agriculture Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that eating meat and other animal derived products like cheese, milk, and yogurt is harmful to us and our planet. Thesis: The buildup of Animal Agriculture is a great destruction to our planet and our species. It is creating lots of negative impacts like overuse of water, water pollution, destruction of land, depletion of natural resources, mass extinction of animals (especially fish), and atmospheric pollutionRead MoreEssay on Speech Outline on Organic Food1566 Words   |  7 PagesChoosing Organic By: Kayla Ray Informative Speech SC105: T Th 3:30 Mrs. Becker March 4, 2013 General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the importance of purchasing and consuming organic food. Thesis: Choosing to purchase and consume organic food is a smart and healthy choice for you and your family. Formal Outline of Speech Introduction I. â€Å"The way we eat has changed more in the last 50 years than in the previous 10,000.† Food activistRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCatherine Jimenez Dr. Monroke Oshin-Martin Communication 11, Section D23 Informative Speech 14 November 2016 Causes and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, my audience will know more what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us, we need to know more about this issue. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction:Read MoreThe Year 1000 By Robert Lacey And Danny Danziger3776 Words   |  16 PagesThe Year 1000 by Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger offers a delightful, often astonishing portrait of everyday life in Anglo-Saxon England in the year 1000. This very informative book, describes what life was like that the turn of the first millennium. The Anglo-Saxons, a practical, self-contained, fervently superstitious people, were 99% illiterate, yet their language would become their most widespread legacy. Compared to modern day times, people are almost the opposite from the Anglo-Saxons. ThereRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesman. It is necessary not only to transmit every word, thought, but also to express the emotive state and courage of certain article; to save its national color and expressiveness having set out a system of the language and peculiarities of foreign speech with the help of the native l anguage. People have to broaden without bounds their opportunities of translation, to create irreproachable and immense storehouses of information. Read MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pageswould escape back into space and the Earth’s average temperature would be a lot colder. However, if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, then more heat gets trapped than needed, and the Earth might become less habitable for humans, plants and animals. Carbon dioxide, though not the most potent of greenhouse gases,  is the most significant one. Human activity has caused an imbalance in the natural cycle of the greenhouse effect and related processes. NASA’s Earth Observatory is worth quotingRead MoreHistory of Philippine Trnslation in the Philippines6599 Words   |  27 PagesTranslation is now a tool for liberating the masses from ignorance. Through translations, those who do not fully understand English may still benefit from the wisdom of the west through the translation into Filipino and other Philippine languages of informative materials on science and technology. In the field of education, translation is a necessary tool in the production of textbooks and reference materials in the language understandable to the greater number of the people. English is also used as interveningRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagescommunity to live in this world — There is not an animal in the earth, nor a fly ing creature flying on two wings, but they are peoples like unto you (Surah 6:38) — means that while humans may currently have the upper hand over other peoples, these other creatures are beings and, like us, are worthy of respect and protection. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) †¦ was once asked whether there will be a reward from God for charity shown to animals. His reply was very explicit: For [charity shownRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 Pagesare often incorrectly spelled, of inappropriately high register, or have other problems such as unwanted connotations. Such swollen vocabularies often increase students’ comprehension at the expense of their ability to make themselves understood in speech (or sometimes, even in writing). Such verbiage is of little use to 13 p.? (Value of Time?), Chowdhury Hossain? p.131 (Essay 29, Is Science A Blessing or Curse?), Zakir 15 p.32 (Paragraph 25, Physical Exercise), Shahidul Islam 16 p.568 ( TheRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesclaims or unstated assumptions of the argument. For instance, suppose a biologist argues that there is nothing ethically wrong in the fact that about thirteen animals per day are killed in her laboratory, because the deaths further her scientific research. In this argument, she uses the unstated assumption that, if something done to animals furthers someone’s scientific research, then it is not ethically wrong. In this case, by exposing the implicit premise we analysts can get a clearer idea of

Essay on Martin Luther Reformation - 2087 Words

Martin Luther: Reformer Martin Luther was born in Eisieben, Germany, on November 10,1483, St. Martinamp;#8217;s Day. He was the son of Has Luther, a coal miner, and Margarethe. Martinamp;#8217;s parents were of the middle class and were unbending in their disciplinary acts. He attended the best schools in his region but all of them held to the barbaric discipline system of the times. This had a big impact on Martinamp;#8217;s personality. But he did receive some positive influence from his home environment. His parents were very pious people and brought him up to be one too. His parents also gave him a strong sense of superstition. At the age of 14 Luther went to grammar school at Magdeburg. There he got attracted to the Church and†¦show more content†¦He always felt that he did not do enough to receive salvation. He felt unworthy of receiving salvation and this left him unsure of his afterlife. He looked for ways to prove his worthiness to the Lord. He thought that no mere mortal could approach th e majesty and holiness of God. There for he thought one couldnamp;#8217;t obtain salvation from doing many good works, but rather through faith in the almighty. This revelation of Lutheramp;#8217;s gave him great relief. It told him that the God freely gives people his grace if only one has faith. So Luther stopped worrying about doing penance for his sins. He came to an understanding of salvation called amp;#8220;justification by faith;. As he meditated on his new philosophy he thought of all the ideas that would later pit him against the Catholic Church. Luther was one of the greatest contributors of the Reformation. He posted his 95 theses on the Church door for the world to see. He was not afraid of the Church and openly spoke out against its evils. He didnamp;#8217;t take back his word when it was certain he could die during his appearance before the emperor at the Diet of Worms. He started Lutheranism and inspired others to speak out against the Church. Bad Popes Leo X Pope Leo X was born in 1475 and died 1521. His birth name was Giovanni deamp;#8217; Medici, a member of the powerful family deamp;#8217; Medici. He was the son of Lorenzo deamp;#8217; Medici. His father used the familyShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther and the Reformation2927 Words   |  12 PagesMartin Luther and the Reformation A German Augustinian friar, Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Luther grew up the son of a miner, but he did not maintain that lifestyle for himself. He lived in a period that had a widespread desire for reformation of the Christian church and a yearning for salvation. Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in Saxony. Since his father was a miner, it was a great distress on him to send Martin to school and then to the UniversityRead MoreMartin Luther And The Reformation1803 Words   |  8 PagesThesis Statement The purpose of my paper will reflect the life of Martin Luther during the Reformation period and the changes brought forth as a result of his teachings and writings. Luther’s findings not only transformed his own actions, but change the thought process of millions. The study of Martin Luther is the key that unlocks the background of the Protestant Reformation and it’s origins. Introduction Research on Martin Luther was chosen to demonstrate the importance of his works, and decisionsRead MoreMartin Luther And The Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther became one of the most influential figures in Christian history. He began the protestant reformation in the 16th century. He also called into question some of the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism and eventually his followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to become protestant. He was known to be a very controversial man not just for his writing of the ninety five thesis but for others and in his later years his feeling about the Jews. His teaching of the bible is what leadRead MoreMartin Luther And The Protestant Reformation1879 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther was not only one of the most significant figures in the Protestant Reformation, but he also developed his own denomination of followers. While many say that Luther was breaking away from the Catholic C hurch to establish a rival church, yet Luther challenged the authority of the church quietly. His arguments did not focus the attention on himself, but wholly on God. Martin Luther is considered the initiator of the Protestant Reformation as he realized the corruption in the Catholic ChurchRead MoreThe Art Of Reformation By Martin Luther985 Words   |  4 PagesAnalytical Paper: The Art of Reformation The year 1517 is claimed by Christianity to be the original spark of a reformation that changed the face of the most prevalent religion in the western world, beginning in Germany and soon enveloping the known world in an upheaval of beliefs and values. However, due to the fact that Protestant faiths became their own religious, social and political powers, the correct term for this movement would not be ‘reformation’ but in fact ‘revolution’. The so-calledRead MoreMartin Luther And The Protestant Reformation1541 Words   |  7 PagesSochor Professor Eric Breault Religion 374 21 April 2017 Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Martin Luther was a German professor of Theology during the 13th and 14th century who was a key figure of the Protestant Reformation. In this paper, I will discuss the impact of Martin Luther’s actions from a standpoint of the Catholic Church and its reaction to Martin Luther’s work. To discuss this, I will use some of the works of Martin Luther himself along with sources from authors Paul A. BishopRead MoreMartin Luther : A Father Of The Protestant Reformation1462 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther: A Father of the Protestant Reformation During the 16th century, many people began to question the doctrine and practices of the Catholic Church. The church was selling indulgences (forgiveness) to release people from their debt of sin. The higher positions held in the church were being sold to those who would pay the most money. The clergy’s greed and thirst after money essentially divided the church between the peasants and clergy. One man disagreed with the actions of the CatholicRead MoreMartin Luther s Impact On The Reformation Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagesbelieve that without Luther there would not have been a Reformation in Germany. Discuss Luther’s impact on the Reformation and assess his influence on the expressions of reform in Germany between 1517 and 1529. The synthesis of Luther’s theological understandings and the socio-political situation in Europe during the sixteenth century, can arguably be seen to have made the perfect combination for triggering the radical events of the Protestant Reformation. Although the Reformation in Germany is oftenRead MoreMartin Luther: The Leader of the Protestant Reformation Essay609 Words   |  3 Pages Essay 1 Topic 3: Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517. It contained a series of 95 complaints that the once monk had with the church. He was steadfast in his efforts to get the church to change. Even refusing to repeal his complaints when threatened with excommunication. He has many issues with the church, starting with indulgences. He found them rather unnecessary. He believedRead MoreMartin Luther And The Reformation Of The Medieval Christian Church993 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther, a boy who with the help of his father grew up to play a major role in the Reformation of the Medieval Christian Church. Luther’s family was not considered very wealthy. His grandfather was a peasant as well as his father, but his father knew that in order to allow Luther a chance at becoming something greater than a peasant, he had to make some changes. He worked his way up to be an employer in the mining industry thus allowing Luther to begin his journey in becoming a leading Reformer

Highlight Upon The Impact Of The Technologyâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Highlight Upon The Impact Of The Technology? Answer: Introduction The aim of the current report is to discuss about the importance and impact of technology in marketing research activity. With the fast changing world of business environment, it is important for all organization to collect the latest data in order to prepare the marketing plan. There are various effective tools and methods that are related to marketing research activities and it help to increase the level of accuracy of the marketing research. The conclusion that is drawn from this report will help the ResMarket Pty, which is the Sydney based marketing research firm to implement the application of Technology India investigation work. Hence, it will be possible for them to improve the data collection and analysis procedure. Advanced research method of marketing with technology As the scenario of business environment in the current days are undergoing Rapid change, it is only with the help of latest relevant data that are collected in huge amount that makes it possible for the marketing researchers to make better prediction (Winer and Neslin 2014). It is important to modify the marketing research method that is an essential part of Technology implementation. It is also important to modify the data collection and analysis plan in order to make best use of the implication of Technology. There are also different methods used in sampling of the market size. According to Norman and Verganti (2014), the method of online survey is believed to be the best effective techniques that are used by current day market researchers in order to collect maximum amount of data from the given sample size. The various online portals and platforms like the social media websites are few of the popular places, from where data from the online survey can be collected. Babin and Zikmund (2015), have mentioned that one of the major advantage of this online process of Data Collection is that it can help to save huge amount of time and expense that he is usually in the case of manual process. This is mainly possible due to the fact that the result is obtained automatically with the help of the coding software. The survey can also focus upon a larger size of target audience. It is also important to mention that the entire process of Data Collection is done automatically with the help of latest software that can help to store the data for further analysis. This sig nificantly reduces the chances of errors, which the surveyors have to encounter during the process of manual data collection. The online portal for the server can be accessed by the participants in any time. This provides them with the opportunity of providing better opinion about the subject area of marketing research. According to Henseler et al. (2016), high level of accuracy is one of the major advantages of the online survey method. As the market researchers can focus upon larger group of audience, it is possible for them to provide better accuracy results that are used in making advanced level of business plan. There are chances in many cases, where in the manual form of data collection, there is a chance of information being unethically manipulated by the surveyors. This can normally be avoided in the case of electronic forms, as it is possible to implement the monitoring process. Hence, there is high chance that the result of the research work will be neutral and completely reliable for further reference. The cost efficiency is another major advantage of the online survey. The overall cost that is involved in the process of printing the survey forms can be saved (Neuhofer et al. 2014). Advanced form of Data Analysis The tools and software that are used in the process of data analysis are believed to be one of the better ways that technology can help in the work of marketing research. SPSS, SAS and JMP are few of the popular forms of data analysis software that are used by the market researchers in order to deal with the complexity involved in the process of data calculation and processing. These commercial forms of the data analysis software are mainly used on in both quantitative and qualitative forms of data analysis that is aimed to provide better result of the data that are being collected in the overall process (Huang et al. 2016). There is also the chance of having to maintain high level of flexibility of data that are being processed. This will allow the market researcher to analyze the wide range of data that are being collected from wide groups of audience. Coding of the data is also possible that can be used in the process of identifying any particular parameter of the marketing terms. The coded section of the database of the marketing research can also extract for the purpose of making business plan. This can provide access to the project managers to use all forms of information. There is a significant chance that the data that has been collected in the overall process can have fake or irrelevant data. The coding software of the data analysis can identify the irrelevant data and hence is able to provide better and accurate result of the research (Mittelstaedt et al. 2015). Conclusion It can be said in the concluding note that the better level of accuracy and the high level of cost efficiency are the major advantages and impact of technology implication of the marketing research. With the fast changing scenario of the marketing environment, the use of the data analysis and coding software can help to save huge amount of time that is necessary in the overall process of business plan implementation. Hence, it is highly recommended for the ResMarket Pty to modify the overall process and activities related to the marketing research that can help them to make most use of the technology within the market investigation. System building process is one of the important components of Technology application in marketing research. It is essential to develop the overall business portfolio and infrastructure in order to make best use of the opportunity that is being provided by technology in including data analysis software. It is also essential to have proper distribution channels in the market, where the technology can be implicated in order to collect relevant data. Proper training should also be given to the market researchers to make best use of the available technological infrastructure. It may be the fact that the initial cost of setting up the technological infrastructure is high. Nevertheless, in the long run operational process, this can help the market research firm to save money. Reference Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015. Exploring marketing research.Cengage Learning. Henseler, J., Hubona, G. and Ray, P.A., 2016. Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines.Industrial management data systems, 116(1), pp.2-20. Huang, Y.C., Backman, K.F., Backman, S.J. and Chang, L.L., 2016. Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: An integrated research framework.International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), pp.116-128. Mittelstaedt, J.D., Kilbourne, W.E. and Shultz, C.J., 2015. Macromarketing approaches to thought development in positive marketing: Two perspectives on a research agenda for positive marketing scholars. Journal of Business Research, 68(12), pp.2513-2516. Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D. and Ladkin, A., 2014. A typology of technology?enhanced tourism experiences.International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), pp.340-350. Norman, D.A. and Verganti, R., 2014. Incremental and radical innovation: Design research vs. technology and meaning change. Design issues, 30(1), pp.78-96. Winer, R.S. and Neslin, S.A. eds., 2014.The history of marketing science (Vol. 17).World Scientific.

Arab Isreali Conflict Essays - Zionism, Western Asia,

Arab Isreali Conflict Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict came about from the notion of Political Zionism. Zionism is the belief that Jews constitute a nation (or a people) and that they deserve the right to return to what they consider to be their ancestral home, land of Israel (or Palestine). Political Zionism, the belief that Jews should establish a state for themselves in Palestine, was a revolutionary idea for the 19th Century. During World War I, Jews supported countries that constituted the Central Powers because they detested the tyranny of czarist Russia. Both the Allies and Central Powers needed Jewish support, but Germany could not espouse Zionism due to its ties with the Ottoman Empire, which still controlled Palestine. British Prime Minister Lloyd George s existing non-Jewish communities. After the Great War, Britains Forces jointly occupied the area known as Palestine with Faysals (Iraq) Arab army. The British set up a provisional military government in Jerusalem that soon became a struggle between Jewish settlers and the Arab inhabitants. In April 1920, the Palestinian Arabs revolted, killing Jews and damaging property, opening the Arab nationalist revolution in Palestine. The League of Nations awarded the Palestine mandate in 1922, charging Britain with carrying out the Balfour Declaration, encouraging Jewish migration to Palestine and help create the Jewish national home. But the Arabs suspected the British mandate would hold them in colonial bondage until the Jews achieved a majority in Palestine. Winston Churchill issued a white paper denying that the British government meant to give preferential treatment to Jews with a proviso for restricting Jewish immigration to conform to Palestines absorptive capacity. Another action that seemed to violate the mandate was the creation of the Emirate of Transjordan, removing two-thirds of Palestine that lay east of the Jordan River from the area in which Jews could develop their national home, claiming the partiti on was only temporary. During the first civilian governor of Palestine, it looked as if Jewish-Arab differences would be resolved when more Jews emigrated out of Palestine than immigrated and with the presence of a complementary relationship among the two peoples, but the hopes dissipated during the 1929 Wailing Wall Incident. The Wailing Wall (a.k.a. the Western Wall) is a remnant of the second Jewish Temple, symbolizing the hope that one day the Temple will be rebuilt and the ancient Jewish rituals revived; but the Wall also forms a part of the enclosure surrounding the Temple Mount, which the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque stand atop; Muslims feared that Jewish actions before the Western Wall could lead to their pressing a claim to the historic site. In 1928, Jewish worshipers brought some benches to sit on. The police took them away several times, but the Jews kept putting them back. To Muslims, this activity was an attempt by the Jews to strengthen their claims to the Wall and retaliated by running a highway past it to distract the worshipers. Several fights broke out that escalated into a small civil war. Arabs perpetrated massacres in other places in Palestine. The British constabulary was inadequate and Britain sent a commission of inquiry; later issuing a report that justified the Arab position. The colonial secretary, Lord Passfield, placed blame on the Jewish Agency and the Zionists, and Britain tightened restrictions on Jewish immigration. Due to domestic embarrassment, the British government issued a letter explaining away the Passfield condemnation, hardly appeasing the Zionists, but angering the Arabs. As Arab animosity increased, the Arab Higher Committee in Palestine called for a general strike, paralyzing the country for several months. The British sent another commission of inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, which recommended partition, giving a small area of northern and central Palestine to the Jews, while leaving the most to Arabs. But th e Palestine Arabs opposed the partition, fearing its acceptance would

Jefferson, the President

Jefferson, the President A change is like a rest, it is inevitable and however much people can dislike it, they must encounter it anyway. It is interesting that whatever happens and at any given time, whoever or whatever does it, does so in pursuit for a change. This change may be personal, private, or public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jefferson, the President specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Virtually all people wish to make a revolution, given the opportunity and this is why politicians-to-be spend much of their time campaigning in an attempt to see their revolution strategies. President Thomas Jefferson of the United States is not an exception. He passes for a man of historical significance. As he thought, his eight-year service as a president truly marked a revolution. This follows from his contributions in the fields of education, taxation, politics as well as US and the world at large. The third president of the Unites States, th ough dead and gone, is still remembered for his great works evident today. Firstly, following the prevailing chaos of the then US because of overdependence, Thomas set out to instigate what is currently referred to as the Declaration for Independence of the US. This was in itself, a revolution that he personally steered. In addition, the 1800 elections that saw his winning against John Adams marked a revolution. This follows from the new era of the Democratic Republican Party that on the other hand, ended the then Federalist party. Jefferson also sought to transform the area of taxation. In collaboration with Aaron Burr, Jefferson attacked the then taxation system welcoming a new one that suited all people, around the globe. President Jefferson’s service is highly recognized because he brought a change in the size of the US. He is in fact referred as the ‘chief architect of the US westward expansion.’ In the field of academics, Jefferson established the famous U niversity of Virginia, which was the first ever in US bearing no religious connections. He also declared his entire estate of Monticello a site for the construction of a school for the orphans. This school is currently running accommodating the orphans of any person working in the navy. Though many such schools exist today, Jefferson remains the founder of such schools. In his pursuit to offer quality services, Jefferson opted to liberalize most of the then laws that barred the development of the US. While he ended some, he saw the dawn of others.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, he steered the fight against primogeniture, a law that deprived most family members of their right of inheritance. In addition, he brought about the revision of the then criminal codes. Virtually everywhere, all countries observe the issue of religious liberty. It may sound strange for to day’s people who do not understand the genesis of this liberty. It took Jefferson eight years to fight for the enactment of this bill, which became a law in 1786. Moreover, Jefferson directed the US Money Unit and coinage, used today. He brought the use of decimal system, evident in the US today. It was because of his efforts that the Dollar was adopted in 1792 as the US currency, rather than the then pound. Building on Jefferson’s achievements as a president, he passes for a revolutionist. He serves as both a pioneer and an agent of change. His many revolutions stand out even today, not only in education circles, but also in political and economic sectors, to mention but a few. It suffices to infer that his presidency marked a revolution.

History of East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of East Asia - Essay Example ruthless, despite the clarity indicating that civilization is a force that Japan or any other country cannot fight, it has not taken root in Japan as it should have since there are some quarters of resistance. Therefore, it is Fukuzilwa Yukichis argument that Japan must simply fight for civilization since the present world is a world of competition. The western civilization has spread virtually everywhere through the help of the existing communication facilities, such that its wind is being felt everywhere in the East. However, the western civilization did not take effect in Japan with the speed that would have been anticipated. This is because; despite the fact that people gradually understood the importance of embracing civilization and started to accept it, the political structure in Japan did not favor civilization. Thus, as much as the people would struggle to adapt the characteristics of western civilization, â€Å"there lay on the road of progress an old-fashioned government†3. Civilization is, in fact, vast, such that a country can no longer consider its own independence from the concept of civilization. This is because; â€Å"the question of a country’s independence from foreign countries is no more than one small part in a complete theory of civilization†4. Civilization is also very intrusive, suc h that it has permeated into almost every aspect and endeavor of the human spirit, so much so that it becomes difficult for people to dissociate with it. It is not only Japan that has some political and custom factors that acts as barriers to civilization, but also the other countries of East Asia. Japan is neighbored by China and Korea, and the two countries have also resisted civilization by clinging to their old customs. Nevertheless, the fact remains that civilization cannot be avoided, owing to the fact that even though China and Korea have stuck to their old customs, â€Å"they are not cut off from seeing and hearing of civilization.

Engineering management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Engineering management - Essay Example The oil and gas sector controls approximately 90% of the global economy. The gross domestic product of many oil producing and exporting countries is heavily reliant on the production of these resources [3]. Exploitation of oil and natural gas is done both onshore and offshore and it is then transported from the wells through pipelines to the refineries. Globally, an average of 2500-3000 billion barrels of oil is produced daily and due to the increasing demand for oil and natural gas, production has increased over the years [1]. Due to the increasing exploitation of oil, it is feared that this important resource will eventually be exhausted and there is need to put sustainable measures of exploitation in order to ensure that the economies are not adversely affected. Due to the increased production of oil, more networks of pipelines have been laid out to transport oil between points [3]. Losses of oil due to spillage and theft has increased substantially and this has mainly resulted fr om various factors such as: defects in materials, pipes corrosion, erosion on the ground, vandalism of oil facilities and the tectonic forces occurring due to movement of tectonic plates. The impact of these occurrences can be fatal since they result into environmental pollution, massive fires and if the spillage occurs onshore, marine life is greatly endangered [2]. Nigeria is the leading country in oil theft and spillage. Oil spillage results from corrosion of pipes, poor maintenance of the oil and gas facilities, sabotage, failure of equipment and theft. Multinational companies such as shell that have heavily invested in the country have lost millions of dollars due to oil spillage costing the economy one billion dollars every month [2]. The government of Nigeria has enacted laws to curb oil theft and spillage which enforce heavy

Colgate Marketing Plan analysis

Colgate Marketing Plan analysis Colgate has realised the significance of marketing plan in its 200 years of existence. This is essential towards understanding the business plans, aims, and communicating the companys horizon within the operational market. This report will focus on the marketing plan for the new Colgate toothbrush called 360 Actiflex, as part of Oral care and Health products which comprises of Tooth paste, Tooth brush, Mouth wash and dental floss. Oral care is important because research indicate that a clean mouth prevents gum disease and prevent heart disease. The plan will address the niche market of dental professional which will recommend the product to their clients and the product brand name will remain to be Colgate. Situation Analysis Colgate Palmolive has been in existence for over 200 hundred years and they operate in more than 70 countries such as Brazil, America, Latin America, Asian etc which will enable to penetrate the new market easily. This is as a result of their brand, experience, capacity in term of resources and existing structure. Product Classification The 360 Actiflex brush with flexible head for cheek and tongue cleaner is design to clean all direction, to remove bacteria from your teeth, cheek, gum and tongue for healthier mouth. Customers want toothbrush that can give them healthy clean teeth and breathe at a reasonable price. Market Summary Colgate Palmolive is aiming to increase its market share in toothbrush which is currently at 30% in 2009 by demonstrating proficiency and professionalism by serving new and existing customers. Through the RD, Colgate has been able to improve their existing products and introduce more products which meet the customers need in dental care. Market Needs According to research, customers only need two or three toothbrushes a year. 65% of customers have more than one toothbrush, 24% keep brush at work 54% have special toothbrush for travelling. Buying Behaviour Pattern Customers base their purchase of tooth brush on how comfortable it feels in their mouth, whether it is soft enough and suits their mouth size or flexible enough. Their purchase is also base on the ability of the toothbrush to remove food particles, plaque removal and gum stimulation. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Colgate maintains strong relationship with dental professional, wholesalers and retailers. Have a good communication with the consumers through media and other social resources Extensive industry knowledge and expertise Well designed training programme. Ability to convince customers to spend more though continual rebranding and growing company sales by releasing new twists on under established brands. Weaknesses Increase competition where other competitors produce the same products. The recent recession has impact on the reduction of planned expansion. Opportunities Oral care is a growing industry with the ever changing customers taste. Continuous innovation using the idea technology challenge. Threats Changes in exchange rates for foreign currencies, which may reduce the U.S. dollar value of revenue, receive from oversea market sales. Political or economic instability or changing macroeconomic conditions in our major markets, Lack of well-established or reliable legal systems in certain areas where the Company operates, Objective Setting Colgate by introducing the 360 Actiflex toothbrush is aiming to achieve the following objectives: To retain the 20% existing loyal customers To increase current awareness level of brand from 5% to 15% in 12 months through integrated campaign of advertising, sales promotion and sponsorship. To acquire more customers by targeting the luxury segments of the market. Strategy Development The objective of Colgate Palmolive is to position the company as continuous market leader of oral care and Heath care, serving domestic market as well as international market. To enter the market Colgate will start with our dental professionals whom we have collaboration with in our existing various areas of operation. The company will make small adaptation upon on this product which will permit to save cost. There will be a launch of the product in selected dental professionals where the demonstration of how the product is use will be provided. Tactics As part of tactic the large advertising campaigns will be launched through promotion activities which will include advertising by posters, television, outdoor adverts, online adverts. B: CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE MARKETING PLAN, IN PARTICULAR ITS MARKETING ENVIRONMENT. Marketing environment entails the players and powers outside the marketing that affect management steadiness to build and sustain effective relationships with target customers. Prosperous Companies mostly identify the vital importance of continuously observing and adapting to the ever-changing environment. The marketing environment of a company can be categorised into two areas this include macro environment and micro environment, the macro environment include the main actors of the company involved in producing, distributing, and promoting the offering. The marketing environment analysis can provide insight of online and offline competitive environments. Using Five Forces Model, Porter explains that in any industry there are five forces that influence what happens within the industry, these five forces combine to make up the business environment. By studying the structure of dynamics between these forces, the company can discover opportunities for improving the marketing strategies. When developing company marketing plan which include the marketing, this can not be completely ruled out strategies Colgate Palmolive can identify the forces as: The Threat of new entrants There has been n o major new entrant to the industry for the past few years leaving the giant manufacturer of consumer goods like Colgate and others to dominate the scene. However, no major changes appear to be existing barriers to entry such as the economies of scale already benefited by the Colgate as a player who have been in the business for long. As a result of difficult trading conditions in the environment, capital requirements and integration costs are high due to the downturn in the increase interest rates rises. Power of supplier Tighter credit markets may lead to business disruptions for certain of the suppliers, contract manufacturers or trade customers which could, in turn, adversely impact colgate business. Even though this look impossible as the supplier will not want to loss Colgate business because of its global presence worldwide, this cannot be totally ruled out. Competitive Rivalry Significant competition in the industry could affect the business, for instance the rigorous competition around the world, especially from the bigger multinational consumer product companies who have greater resources than Colgate. The ability to compete depends on the strength of our brands and on our ability to protect our patent, trademark and trade dress rights and to defend against related challenges brought by competitors. A failure to compete effectively could adversely affect the growth and profitability of the company Limitation of the Five forces method The limitation of this method is the interaction of the forces with each other especially in relation to the cosmetic life cycle which affect the competitive forces significantly. Media/IT Interference at Colgate Palm Olive In 200 years of existence, information technology and media has assisted to develop a vibrant organization at Colgate. As the trend in IT changes over the years, it has also been reflected in every operations the organization. Starting with the ancient IBM system units of early 1950s to the first consumer computers of 1977 (Apple I, II III), Colgate has grown alongside to compliment the transition with time. In the modern era, parts of the positive impacts can be seen in bulletin board services, computer conferencing, computer output on microfilm, communication network, decision support systems, Electronic mail (e-mail), Electronic spread sheet, Telex, video chat, teleconferencing and the likes has been a major contribution of IT and media to the industry. Not to mention the advanced electronic instrumentation for packaging and transportation that we could notice at every stage of production. Marketing to a layman can now be found on twitter, facebook, youtube, text messaging, google, eposters and the likes. On a negative side, insecurity of data and records has been a major setback of modern IT and media in marketing. The major fear here lies in the future of the system whether or not it still pose similar advantages or negative significance. All the aforementioned means of marketing in the modern era has lots of impacts both positively and negatively: Positive Impacts of Media/IT Marketing speed and Convenience Modern IT/media has posed lots of advantages on how fast information can be disseminated. A SATA system has a data transfer rate of 300Mb/s (Wisegeek 2011). It indicates that a huge data of the size of a disc could be communicated to a large set of audience in less than one second. Marketing is now possible 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Customers can now bridge the queuing problems at stores (Hollensen 2007). Cheaper dissemination routes Because of easy means of data flow, the cost of distribution has fallen considerably over time. It cots as low as 50 pence to fax a page whereas millions of pages will sent across the internet/media at almost a free distribution cost. Apart from the fact that the whole world receives the information at once and at the same quality, the impacts are the same with the impression expressed. Moreover, it is possible to search for the lowest price available for brands (Hollensen 2007). Online financial services are also possible through these means. Effective communication Media and IT has made it possible to decide on target audience, detailed information like product, availability, and pricing are provided for the people. Through the use of multimedia, the customers could have a better understanding of their needs by for example depicting the interior decorations or by showing the beauty of housing estates. Means of reducing workloads Marketing requires lots of workloads which have been reduced by adopting information technology. IT supports the full range of organizational functions and processes that delivers products and services to customers and other key stakeholders (Chaffey et al. 2000). Different functional parts of the organization can be corporately glued with the aid of this tool. Negative Impacts of Media/IT Despite the raging benefits enjoyed by the organizations using IT/Media, the following fears are yet to be addressed: Authentication Identity problem is still yet a major problem of modern marketing. The use of passwords as a safe key has been compounded by the hacking programmers. Loop holes have been created in lots of marketing links. This has posed a challenge to the future of e-marketing/media communication systems. Spam Disease Spam diseases in marketing involves filtering off of positive information from the direct sender by hackers or computer viruses Data Saturation Crashing marketing There is tendency for marketing crash of similar products from different manufacturers. Sometimes we found it difficult identifying the differences in the advertisement from similar companies. Insecurity channels Crackers often capture details rendering the marketing system unsafe for customers. Many fears have been expressed by customers on crackers capturing the credit/debit card details. This is still a threat to be investigated in future of information technology and media. References S Hollensen (2007) Global Marketing A decision-oriented approach, fourth edition pp. 499-506. Wisegeek (2011) A website on data transfer rate, [online], Available at www.wisegeek.com/what-is-data-transfer-rate.htm Assessed: 29 Mar. 11

The Struggles of Undocumented Students Essay -- Immigration, Legal Iss

If we talk about undocumented immigrants in United States, we usually focus on the benefits and jobs they take from our country, but have we ever stood in their shoes and imagine what life is like for an illegal immigrant? To live as an undocumented immigrant is a bad situation, but I believe to be a child of an undocumented immigrant is even worse, because their choices are limited and they are unaware of their rights to attend colleges. In this research, I will focus on undocumented immigrant students, who are unable to afford for higher education, and the fear of their unknown future which is mainly cause by their undocumented status. The largest invisible group in America, to explore â€Å"what are the struggles and unsolved problems of undocumented students?† Early statistic provide from scholar article has proved that since the 1970s to 80s, Census by state has documented a high population of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Passel and Woodrow indicate that the estimation of undocumented immigrants is 2.06 millions in 1980s; most of the undocumented immigrants are Mexicans. By the year 2000, more than 1.6 million captures were along the U.S border. In southern California, â€Å"with almost 2.5 million unauthorized immigrants residing in the state, California is home to almost one fourth of the nations unauthorized† (Gonzales 473). This group can split into two major types, which are people who enter U.S illegally and people who enter through admission with their overstay visa. The Mexican group represents 60 percent of those who entered between 1970 and 1980. Mexico is the only single country which accounts the largest number of undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S. In 1980, 55 percent of the illegal immigrants... ...onvinced that my original question is an important one, therefore I am continuing with this formulation: â€Å"This invisible group in United States: the struggles and unsolved problems of undocumented immigrants† is going to be my argument of supporting â€Å"Undocumented students†. They deserve the rights to extend their education in order to achieve their American dreams. Their choices shouldn’t be limited by their statues, if they could achieve their academics successfully. United States cannot deprive undocumented immigrants of their academic rights for long term because this is a lost-lost situation. If U.S gives the undocumented immigrants their opportunities, there will be more educated people in the country, and they will give the country back with their skills. As a result, the entire country can move forward as a whole to becoming a better and stronger country.

Computer Systems Essay

1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to survey the current state of scanner technology and to briefly discuss predicted advancements in the field. By examining a range of recently published journal articles, magazine articles and internet sites on the topic of scanners this report describes the main types of scanners in common use today and examines their performance in relation to four criteria: resolution, bit-depth, dynamic range and software. The report then considers the effect of further technological advances in these four areas, as well as the deployment of new sensor technology on the future development of scanners. The first scanner, initially referred to as a ‘reading machine’, was developed in 1960 by Jacob Rabinow, a Russian born engineer. The device could scan printed material and then compare each character to a set of standards in a matrix using, for the first time, the â€Å"best match principle† to determine the original message (Blatner, Fleishman and Roth 1998, p.3). This reading machine was to form the basis for the development of current scanning, sorting and processing machines. An early improvement on the reading machine was the drum scanner. These scanners used a type of scanning technology called photomultiplier tubes (PMT). Drum scanners are still used in industry today because of the high quality images they produce. The development of smaller, more economical scanners such as desktop scanners and scanners for domestic use followed the drum scanner as the number of computer users increased and computer technology advanced. Scanners can now capture images from a wide variety of two and three  dimensional sources. These images are converted to digitised computer files that can be stored on a hard-drive or floppy disk. With the aid of specific software, these images can then be manipulated and enhanced by the user. It is now possible to deploy electronic acquisition to create an entire layout (including all graphic elements) from the same computer. This means manual stripping is no longer required (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2000). Scanners are considered an invaluable tool for adding graphics and text to documents and have been readily adopted by both business and domestic users. 2. How scanners work A scanner is a device that uses a light source to electronically convert an image into binary data (0s and 1s). This binary data can then be used to store the scanned image on a computer. A scanner recreates an image by using small electronic components referred to as the scanner’s ‘eyes’ (Scanner tips 2000). The type of ‘eyes’ used in today’s scanners are charge-coupled devices (CCD) and photomultiplier tubes (PMT). These electronic eyes measure the amount of light reflected from individual points on the page and translate it to digital signals that correspond to the brightness of each point (Englander 2000). To create a file on the computer that represents a colour image, the scanner divides the image into a grid with many individual points called pixels or picture elements (Scanner tips 2000). A scanning head, termed a row of ‘eyes’, reads over the grid and assigns a number to each pixel based on the main colour in that pixel, u sing green, blue and red. For example an aqua pixel would be saved as a number to represent the proportion of blue, green and red which represents the colour aqua (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2000). 3. Types of scanners There are five main types of scanners in common use today: drum scanners, flatbed scanners, sheet-fed scanners, slide scanners, and hand held scanners. 3.1 Drum scanners Drum scanners were widely used in the past, however they are much less commonly used today due to advances in scanner technology. As a result of their expense, these machines are primarily used by professionals in industry, where they are considered important due to the high-end quality image they produce and because they use PMT technology which is more  sophisticated than charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and contact image sensor’s (CISs). Drum scanners are difficult to operate and technicians operate these scanners by placing the item to be scanned on a glass cylinder rotating at high speeds around the sensor (Sullivan 1996). 3.2 Flatbed scanners The most popular scanners for general use are flatbed scanners. This type of scanner is highly versatile because it is able to scan flat objects as well as small three dimensional objects. Flat-bed scanners operate by placing the item to be scanned on a glass window while scanning heads move underneath it. A transparency adapter is used to scan transparent originals such as slides or x-rays, and an automatic document feeder is available for scanning large numbers of documents (Scanner tips 2000). 3.3 Sheet-fed scanners Sheet-fed scanners have grown in popularity in recent years, particularly for small office or domestic use as they are reasonably priced, can scan full-sized documents and are compact, requiring limited desk space (Scanner tips 2000). Most models of sheet-fed scanners have an inbuilt document feeder to overcome the problem of manually feeding one sheet of paper at a time. However the actual process or scanning with a sheet-fed scanner may result in distortion as the image to be scanned moves over the scanning heads (Scanner tips 2000). A further limitation of sheet-fed scanners is that they are unable to scan three dimensional objects. 3.4 Slide scanners This type of scanner is used to scan items such as slides that need careful handling during scanning. Unlike other scanners, the scanning heads in slide scanners do not reflect light from the image, but rather pass light through it. This enables these scanners to produce superior results without distortions caused by reflective light. To be able to scan small and detailed items, these scanners have a large number of eyes on the scanning head which produces a high quality result. Slide scanners tend to be more expensive and less versatile than flatbed and sheet-fed scanners as they are limited to only scanning slides and film. These scanners, however, are well suited to users requiring high quality scans of large numbers of slides (Scanner tips 2000). 3.5 Hand held scanners Hand held scanners are compact, portable scanners which are simply dragged across a page manually to capture an image. These scanners are easy to use and economical to purchase; however, their use is limited to text of up to four inches in diameter that does not require a high resolution. For this reason, hand held scanners are unsuitable for colour images. A further disadvantage of hand held scanners is that the user must have a steady hand when scanning or the resulting image will be distorted (Scanner tips 2000). 4. Scanner specifications The performance of a scanner can be examined in relation to four main criteria: resolution, bit-depth, dynamic range and software. 4.1 Resolution Resolution is a measure of how many pixels a scanner can sample in a given image. It is used to describe the amount of detail in an image (Figeiredo, McIllree and Thomas 1996). Higher resolution scanners are generally more expensive and produce superior results as they have a greater capacity to capture detail. Scanners have two types of resolutions: optical resolution and interpolated resolution. Optical resolution, or hardware resolution, is a measure of how many pixels a scanner can actually read. A current model desktop scanner typically has a resolution of 300 x 300 dots per inch (dpi) (Anderson 1999). This means that this scanner has a scanning head with 300 sensors per inch, so it can sample 300 dpi in one direction and 300 dpi in the other direction by stopping the scanning head 300 times per inch in both directions. Some scanners stop the scanning head more frequently as it moves down the page, giving an optical resolution of 300 x 600 dpi; however, scanning more frequently in one direction does not improve the result of the scan. The basic requirement for scanning detailed images and line art from photos or other printed originals is an optical resolution of 600 dpi. When scanning slides and negatives the minimum optical resolution is 1200 dpi. Interpolated resolution measures the number of pixels a scanner is able to predict. A scanner can turn a 300 x 300 dpi scan into a 600 x 600 dpi scan by looking in-between scanned pixels and guessing what that spot would have  looked like if it had been scanned. This prediction is then used to insert new pixels in between the actual ones scanned. This technique is less precise than optical resolution; however it assists in improving the enlargement of scanned images. 4.2 Bit depth Bit depth refers to the amount of information that a scanner records for each pixel when converting an image to digital form. Scanners differ in the amount of data they record for each pixel within an image. The simplest kinds of scanners only record data related to black and white details and have a bit depth of 1 (Anderson 1999). The minimum bit depth required for scanning photographs and documents is 24-bits, while slides, negatives or transparencies need a scanner with at least 30-bits. Thus for a scanner to produce a high quality scan with colour, a higher bit depth is required. In general, current scanners have a bit depth of 24, which means that 8 bits of information can be collected for the three primary colours used in scanning; blue, red and green (Anderson 1999). This high resolution allows scanners to produce images close to photographic quality. 4.3 Dynamic range Dynamic range refers to the measurement of the range of tones a scanner can record on a scale of 0.0 to 4.0, with 0.0 being perfect white and 4.0 being perfect black. Colour flat-bed scanners usually have a dynamic range of 2.4. A range of this measurement is unable to provide high quality colour scans. A dynamic range of 2.8 and 3.2 is suited to professional purposes and can be found in high-end scanners. An even higher dynamic range of 3.0 to 3.8 can be provided by drum scanners. 4.4 Software A scanner, like any type of hardware, requires software. Typically the two most common pieces of software provided with scanners include optical character recognition (OCR) and image editing software. Optical character recognition software translates the information recorded in a scan, tiny dots, into a text file which can be edited. Image editing software allows the tones and colours of an image to be manipulated for better printing and display. Image editing also gives filters to apply special effects to scanned images 5. Future developments The quality of scanned images is constantly improving as characteristics such as resolution, bit-depth and dynamic range are enhanced and further developed. More sophisticated image editing and optical character recognition software development is also resulting in superior quality scans. Future advances are expected to result in the incorporation of specialized scanners into other types of technology such as the recently developed digital camera. This device allows the user to take pictures of three-dimensional objects much like a regular camera, except that instead of using film, the objects are scanned by the camera in a similar process to the functioning of a flatbed scanner. The relatively new area of sensor technology in the form of a contact image sensor (CIS) (see Appendix 1) is expected to improve the functionality of scanners and the quality of images as it â€Å"replaces the cumbersome optical reduction technique with a single row of sensors† (Grotta and Wiener 1998, p. 1). Developers have already been able to produce a CIS scanner which is thinner, lighter, more energy efficient and cheaper to manufacture than a traditional CCD base device. However, the quality of the scan is not as good as its counterparts. Further development of CIS technology is needed to improve image quality and colour, and to address the problem of a limited 300 or 600 dpi. 6. Conclusion This report has identified five types of scanners currently available. Some are primarily used for professional purposes such as the drum scanner; others are used more broadly in the workplace and home such as flatbed scanners and to a lesser extent sheetfed scanners. Scanners for specialized purposes have also been identified such as slide and handheld scanners. The performance of these scanners is dependent upon their resolution, bit-depth, dynamic range and software. Scanners have improved significantly in recent years in terms of weight, size, price and speed, and the replacement of CCD technology with CIS technology is anticipated to produce further benefits to these areas as well as to scan quality. The impact of these improvements is expected to increase the accessibility of scanner technology to a wider range of users and its suitability for a wider range of purposes. In  relation to this, the future of scanner technology seems to point to the convergence of different techn ologies. Specialized scanners are currently being incorporated into other types of technologies such as digital cameras, printers, and photocopiers. This can be expected to continue with other forms of technology in conjunction with further improvements to image quality, speed, price, size and weight. 7. Reference list Anderson, D. The PC Guide. [http:www.pctechguide.com/18scanners.htm]. Blatner, D., Fleishman, G. Roth, G. (1998) Real world scanning and halftones 2nd edition, Peachpit Press, USA. Englander, I (2000). The Architecture of computer hardware and systems software. John Wiley, USA, p272. Figeiredo, J. McIllree, J. Thomas, N. (1996) Introducing information technology 2nd edition Jacaranda Press, Singapore, p145. Grotta, D. and Weiner, S. What’s now †¦What’s next. [http://www.zdnet.com/pcmag/features/scanners98/intro.html] PC Magazines 20 October 1998. 8/4/00 Prepress, scanners, digital cameras and photoCDs. [http://www.prepress.pps.com/mem/lib/ptr/scanners.html] 1998. 6/4/00 Scansoft scanner tips [http://www.scannercentral.com/scanners/tips/tips1.asp] 2000.6/4/00 Sullivan. M. Types of scanners. [http://hsdesign.com/scanning/types/types.html] 1996. 8/4/00

The Race, Racialization, Ethnicity And Racism - 1384 Words

When immigrants flooded the shores of the United States in the earliest part of the twentieth century, the Immigration Commission hired an anthropologist to prepare a Dictionary of Races of Races or People. W.E.B. Du Bois observed in the late 1930s that no scientific definition of race is possible. He said Race is a dynamic and not a static conception, and that typical races are continually changing and developing, amalgamating and differentiating. What Du Bois meant in layman’s term was that it is impossible to characterize people based on measurements. Orser begins his book by talking about Race, Racialization, Ethnicity and Racism. Orser says that it can be argued that the science of humanity in America was initially organized around†¦show more content†¦The first example of classifying people was during the seventh century when Isidore of Seville used region to classify the world’s people into two groups: Christians and Idol worshippers. I thought this was quite interesting because it has never crossed my mind, classsification has been a thing since humanity. I always thought people were only classified into groups based on physical characteristics. On the other hand, Ancient Egyptians, Indians, Greeks and Indian created and used what is called the racialist classification of human difference. He brought up ethnicity because archaeologists have made significant advances in connecting past ethnic groups with excavated material cultures. The prominent role of ethnic research in archaeology makes sense because it re affirmed the long-held archaeological tenet that culturally discrete peoples could be identified by their specific objects. Orser continues by saying that the basis for identifying archaeological cultures linked distinct peoples and their unique artifacts. This quite Interesting because objects from the past, some maybe valuable brings about a sense of culture. Orser also made a relationship/distinction between Class and Rac e. A statement that I thought summarized the relationship betw Class and Race was when he said The Negro is poor because is black ; that is obvious enough.p But, perhaps more Importantly, the Negro is black because he is poor. This statement is interesting, it was true years