Ethical Business in Global Trade Essay

Ethical Business in Global Trade Introduction            Ethics can be defined as the â€Å"well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to the society, fairness or specific virtues† (Manuel et al., 2010) In relation to Human labor, Auret van Heerden (2010) says that employers should treat employees like Human beings. Violation of human rights in the global food chain amounts to unethical business practices. Employees working for excess hours, companies employing children below the International Labor Organization required age, employees being paid peanuts and safety measures for employees not being maintained to avoid injuries are some of the unethical practices related to global chain            The role of the governments in the supply chain is to ensure that the rights of workers who work hard in production of raw materials and preparation of the final products are maintained (Auret, V.H. 2010). These governments are also placed with a duty to ensure that the safety of the products is maintained. This is possible with establishment of a code of conduct to govern operations of the companies involved in the global food chains. Frequent Inspection should be conducted with stiff penalties to companies that violate the human rights and safety measures of the product.            Management of a global market presents a challenge due to involvement of many governments. While the USA may have well laid down measures and regulations for ethical business practices of these companies, other countries in the global food chain may not have them. Some countries avoid putting up stringent measures in order for them to attract investors at the expense of ethical business activities            The fight for ethical business practices in the global food chain is very much achievable. These will require governments to work together. Consumers of these products can also have a critical role to play by giving a snub to products from companies that do not conform to ethical business practices. References Auret van Heerden (2010). Making Global Labor Fair. Retrieved fromhttp://video.ted.com/talk/podcast/2010G/None/AuretvanHeerden_2010G.mp4Manuel, V., Claire, A., Thomas, S., S. J., & Michael, J.M. What is Ethics? Retrieved from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics2.html?utm_expid=6222598-1.kwhpOqkUTTeXUGI-lneo5w.2 Source document

Managing Diversity at Spencer Owens Essay

The definition of diversity: The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual.1 Two corporations who have implemented diversity efforts and have dealt with the benefits and challenges of these efforts are Spencer Owens & Co. and Cityside Financial Services. When examining both diversity efforts, it is important to understand how well each company has done with previous and present efforts, the problems the companies are facing now and the root causes of these problems. While these companies have implemented their own efforts to diversify their staff, it is important to examine the similarities and differences in managing diversity. Spencer Owens & Co. How well has Spencer Owens done in its diversity efforts? Spencer Owens’ recent past shows a great deal of effort put into diversifying their workforce. In the mid-1980’s, Spencer Owens & Co. initiated a strategy to diversify the company’s employees from entry-level to executive ranks. Prior to this start date, the company had an all-white executive male team. From the start of this initiative, Spencer Owens did very well on its diversity efforts to hire people â€Å"on their merits and for their capacities to do what is expected or required of them. To implement  the plan, the company set hiring goals, communicating them to all employees and creating accountability.† Over the next ten years, this in turn created opportunities for women and people of color to become part of the team and establish career paths for them to be future leaders in various departments of the company. Following the start of this program (1985-1995), Spencer Owens was considered the most diverse staff in its industry accounting for 50% of the firm’s 150 managers and professionals were women, and 30% were people of color. Additionally, during this period, people of color that were hired into entry-level positions had been promoted and moved up into managerial positions. Four out of the12 member executive team were women and three were people of color. Extensive involvement in the efforts to attract, recruit and retain minorities and women in becoming managers, professional staff and directors were a key priority to the firm. Spencer Owens also knew that a key to internal diversity was to ensure the company’s policies and overall commitment to an equitable workplace by instituting affirmative action goals, along with, aggressive hiring and advancement practices that set high qualification and performance hurdles. 2  The team at Spencer Owens was proud of their company’s commitment to fairness and equality and to encourage the employees to be â€Å"colorblind† to gender and ethnic differences. Along with this strategy, the firm also initiated sensitivity training and held follow-up discussions. Multiple employees commented, â€Å"Everyone is the same and treated the same.† With feedback from these trainings and discussions, the firm went a step further to create networking groups for women and people of color. How well are they doing now? Why is the firm now having trouble? Recently, Spencer Owens diversity efforts have witnessed great changes while also encountering many issues and problems. In 2000, the firm hired Agnes Richards, their first woman executive in 45 years. Over the course of the next three years, Richards noticed that the diversity efforts were slowly unraveling and affecting the productivity of the company. For  example, Richards noticed friction among race relations, people of color were bringing charges of racism against the white workers, and there were new complaints made by the two networking groups. One of the first steps that Richards and her leadership team took was to reinstate the sensitivity trainings. However, it was noticed that there was poor attendance among the racial and ethnic minorities. In addition to these issues, Richards fired an African-American female manager due to tardiness issues and for portraying a bad attitude. At that point, employees became angry and frustrated. Due to the firm’s problems, Richards hired consultants to study the firm’s race and gender relations. The interviews revealed the following: †¢ Employees have concerns about the affirmative action initiative. †¢ White employees feel that the diversity program is adversely affecting the quality of the firm’s work. †¢ It is perceived that white male managers are opposed to new methods brought forth by newer employees. †¢ People of color are critical of affirmative action program, including superficial results and feel that they are tolerated and not accepted. †¢ People of color feel their ideas are easily dismissed. †¢ Perception that the network groups defend the minorities of the company. †¢ Overall feeling of retaliation and fear of being called a racist. What is the root cause (or causes)? Spencer Owens’s discrimination-and-fairness paradigm, which measures progress in diversity â€Å"by how well the company achieves its recruitment and retention goals rather than by the degree to which conditions in the company allow employees to draw on their personal assets and perspectives to do their work more effectively, had created a cognitive blind spot. As a result, the company’s leadership could not frame the problem accurately or solve it effectively.10 Instead, the company needed a cultural shift – it needed to grasp what to do with its diversity once it had achieved the numbers. Because of senior managers’ resistance to a cultural transformation, Spencer Owens continues to struggle with the tensions rising from the diversity of its workforce.10 The root causes of these problems is that the employees need to feel that the ways they may be different are understood and accepted.3 With the de-emphasis of sensitivity trainings and follow-up discussions, the team became isolated in their views on diversity versus affirmative action goals. The misunderstandings became apparent with the original mission â€Å"to consider people on their merits and for their capacities to do what is expected or required of them.† Many minority employees say they gain a sense of belonging in the workplace when their employers create opportunities for workers with diverse backgrounds to interact with others and to become involved as apart of a group. 3 The networks were a great idea for employees to feel connected to the company; however, the execution was not done properly. These diversity programs could have helped employees of different backgrounds by communicating feelings and experiences about climbing the corporate ladder or breaking through the glass celiling.3 However, these network groups became defenders for women and the other minorities due to the perception of treatment, opportunities, miscommunication between the minorities and the white employees. Additional root causes for the present problems include employees wanting fair treatment, a sense of belonging, understanding and acceptance, and a feeling that they are contributing. Cityside Financial Services How well has Cityside Financial Services done in its diversity efforts? Cityside Financial Services has done well in diversity efforts. In 1999, after 69 years of being in business, the company had become very much diversified with half of the employees in the company being females and 90% of the support staff was African American. In addition, 53% of middle managers, 42% of senior managers, and 25% executives were African American. Cityside operated as two units in their Sales Division: Retail Operations  and External Deposits. The retail operations unit was filled with mostly African American employees. The external deposits unit was made up of mostly white college graduates. Nearly equal numbers of managerial positions existed in each unit, giving whites and blacks similar advancement opportunities. Bank employees agreed that, â€Å"If you did your job well, you’ll be recognized and promoted for it.† 4 As stated in the article, â€Å"Over the years, Cityside Bank developed a reputation for being a high-functioning, multicultural organ ization.† While the bank itself was deemed to be a multicultural organization, the two sales units were founded on two separate and distinct models that it was described by one executive as â€Å"two different banks†. While the bank was diversified as a whole, these two units were very much specialized to their distinct client base. This separation of duties and ethnicities has led to some of the problems that the company presently is facing. While the External Deposit team was described as â€Å"white, smart, dedicated and loyal workaholics, it was also said that it’s not the perfect job for black staff that need a salary, may be hard-working, but not at that level.† In addition, some of the other red flags to the present problems included wealthy individuals complaining about the limited services being offered to them, other clients in Retail Operations feeling overshadowed by wealthier clients in External Deposits (and were leaving the bank), and the lack of understanding (no clear guidelines) by Retail and External as the best way to handle the new market segment. This lack of coordination compromised the bank’s efficiency and created trust issues between these two departments as to the best way to help clients. How well are they doing now? Why is the firm now having trouble? While the company continues to maintain an overall diversified work staff, they are now encountering significant issues in their diversity efforts. One of the main causes of the problems that Cityside is now facing is that they have sectionalized the company with African American employees  working in the Retail Operations department and the white employees working in the External Deposits department. Per the head of External Deposits, she commented that â€Å"the problem is what is expected of senior management here has a cultural bias towards whites. It’s not to say that African Americans aren’t also able to do all that. But because of historical racial issues, they have been limited.† According to one black officer in Retail, he commented that â€Å"white workers would not be able to handle the demands of the Retail unit.† He continued to say that â€Å"(whites) wouldn’t know what to do with people in this neighborhood.† This bias ties into ethnocentrism, which represents the feelings that one’s cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.5 In addition, poor career planning shows another problem that African American’s have faced as potential candidates in the External Deposit unit. When Ron Wilkens, one of the investors of the bank, wanted to learn more about how the black workforce viewed its career prospects, it was noted that the root problem was how they (African Americans) were perceived by the whites. Was he deemed as a decision maker and someone that understands the customer where his thoughts are taken seriously or is he someone that is viewed as good at operationally making things work? His black officer commented that he is respected by white colleagues, but questioned the value of his contribution to the firm seen by his white colleagues. While there is diversity in the company as a whole, there needs to be more diversity in each division to ensure that each employee is given an equal chance to grow and that customers are offered the best goods and services as possible. What do these cases have in common? There are some significant similarities between the two cases. First, both companies originally had an all-white staff. Both companies instituted programs to diversify their teams. For example, Spencer Owens adopted an  affirmative action plan while Cityside initiated an aggressive minority program. After these programs were implemented, both companies had double-digit percentages of their workforce made up of women and African Americans. It was noted in both cases that these companies were recognized in their industries as greatly achieving a multicultural organization. With that, both firms committed to a fair approach for advancing all employees. It was also noted that as the diverse programs were in action, both companies began to experience compromised efficiency as the staff began to have problems working together. At Spencer Owens, the affirmative action movement left some employees feeling alienated and unappreciated. The article states, â€Å"Many non-white professionals reported having their ideas routinely disregarded.† Furthermore, a Latino programmer staffer explained, â€Å"Until white people discover an idea, until they express it with their own words in their style, it’s as if it doesn’t exist.† This comment is similar to the quote made by one employee at Cityside who stated, â€Å"When a white man disagrees, he’s being strong. He’s taken with respect. When a black man disagrees, he’s being negative and whiny, militant and kind of like Malcolm X.† Both quotes show that while the companies made strides as far as diversifying their employee base, there is still a great difference in the way the ideas and contributions of white and minority employees are perceived. With this comparison summary, in both cases, the working environment involves how employees perceive one another. This is labeled as social cognition and social information processing. Social cognition is the study of how people make sense of other people and themselves. The perception process influences a host of managerial activities, organizational processes, and quality of life issues. 5 Additionally, stereotyping employees is also seen in both these case studies. At Cityside, African-American employees in the Retail Operations unit are deemed to be able to better relate to the â€Å"local community†, which is predominately African American. At Spencer Owens, there is a stereotype threat in which white managers are in fear of supervising people of color in  that â€Å"any constructive feedback could be perceived as being criticized and subsequently being called a racist.† Lastly, both companies conducted interviews and developed surveys to better understand the opinions of the staff in order to get to the root cause(s) of why tensions were on the rise. What differences do these two cases have? The main difference in the two cases is the approach the companies took to diversity. As previously stated, Spencer Owens used the discrimination and fairness paradigm, which has a â€Å"focus on equal opportunity, fair treatment, recruitment, and compliance with federal Equal Employment Opportunity requirements.† 10 This approach can make employees feel equal, but it can also lead to feelings of alienation and a loss of identity to the employees. This may be what led to the elimination of sensitivity training. In a sense, if we are all equal and are basically the same type of person, then there is no need to be sensitive to our differences, since this approach aims to eliminate the differences entirely. This approach is what led to the problems now being seen in Spencer Owens. Cityside used an approach called the Access and Legitimacy Paradigm. Supporters of this approach believed that you need â€Å"access to – and legitimacy with-a more diverse clientele by matching the demographics of the organization to those of critical consumer or constituent groups.† 10 Cityside put African-American employees in retail because they would be dealing with mostly clients of the same race and culture and this would give the company legitimacy in the community and increase sales. Where this approach went wrong is that it alienated African-American employees and clients. While the discrimination-and-fairness paradigm used by Spencer Owens aims to make all employees equal and the same, access-and-legitimacy, takes the opposite approach and separates employees by race, not allowing the two to work together or grow in their roles in the company. What approach to diversity might have been more effective in each of these cases? Diversity and Affirmative Action: Difference Affirmative action is selective in mandating changes that benefit previously disadvantaged groups. It is an outgrowth of Equal Employment Opportunity legislation.5 Diversity is inclusive, encompassing everyone in the workplace. It seeks to create a working environment in which everyone and every group fits, feels accepted, has value, and contributes.6 Managing diversity, while based on cultural change, is a pragmatic business strategy that focuses on maximizing the productivity, creativity and commitment of the workforce while meeting the needs of diverse groups. 7 Approaches to diversity that might have been more effective in these cases: Managing diversity entails recognition of the unique contribution every employee can make.5 Managing diversity also moves beyond valuing diversity in that it is a way in which to do business and should be aligned with other organizational strategic plans.6 Diverse employees offer an extraordinarily wide range of proficiencies for doing business in any marketplace. The following are different approaches that Wilkens and Richards could have taken to be more effective in their efforts (see footnote 8): 1. To attract young, new hires, college career fairs allow an employer to target people of color and women who may be good potential employees. 2. Employee referral programs: good employees typically associate with other good potential friends and associates. By implementing a program where employees refer other good candidates, employers can identify and reach out to others of the same race or background. 3. Recruitment: enlightened employers know that they need to take a hard look at their own tactics for generating diverse job candidates. These organizations take a serious look at their internal assessment around recruiting. With this, employers target key groups of employees and then mentor them so that they are able to navigate the system successfully. 4. Education/trainings: a successful diversity program will also educate all of a company’s employees to understand the business rationale behind their efforts. That way, the employees who don’t directly benefit from a company’s diversity efforts  understand that they still have a stake in the program’s success. In addition, encouraging employees to participate in skills-based volunteer projects can help unleash targeted skills.5 5. Mentoring programs: It is important to understand that a company cannot expect to change in corporate culture unless you get your full employee base involved. Partnering lower level employees with senior level employees, including diverse and promising professionals of color mentor-mentee sponsorships, may help facilitate the understanding of working together. 6. Merit systems: performance standards should be based on a thorough job analysis. Standards should be periodically updated. It is also suggested that the standards not be based on traits and personality factors; focus should be on behavior or performance – what the employee does.9 7. Company philosophy: seeking out practices that emphasize equality and teamwork in compensation and decision-making. What should Wilkens/Richards do to turn things around? In addition to considering the above seven items, Wilkens and Richards should contemplate the following actions: 1. Reinstate sensitivity trainings: this needs to be mandatory for all employees to improve the negative relationships between the team’s diversity as a workgroup, to help with conflict management and interpersonal dynamics.5 This training will help to encourage collaborative behavior and improve communication efforts amongst the groups. a. Diversity should be understood as the varied perspectives and approaches to work that members of different identity groups bring.10 2. Take steps to reduce negative effects of unconscious stereotyping and increase the use of group goals in heterogeneous groups. Rewarding groups to accomplish group goals might encourage group members to focus on their common objectives rather than on demographic faultiness that are unrelated to performance. a. The leadership team must understand that a diverse workforce will embody different perspectives and approaches to work, and must truly value variety of opinion and insight. 3. The leadership team must recognize both the learning opportunities and the challenges that the expression of different  perspectives presents for an organization.10 4. The organizational culture must create an expectation of high standards from everyone.10 5. The organizational culture must stimulate personal development.10 6. The organizational culture must encourage openness and make workers feel valued.10 7. The organization must have a well-articulated and widely understood mission.10 Conclusion: Wilkens and Richards must realize that increasing demographic variation does not in itself increase organizational effectiveness. They need to realize that it is how a company defines diversity –and what it does with the experiences of being a diverse organization – that delivers on the promise.10 These companies should develop an outlook on diversity that enables them to incorporate employees’ perspectives into the main work of the organization and to enhance work by rethinking primary tasks and redefining markets, products, strategies, missions, business practices, and even cultures. By instituting this learning-and-effectiveness paradigm for managing diversity, Wilkens and Richards will tap into true diversity benefits.10 References: 1. http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~asuomca/diversityinit/definition.html 2. Ely, Robin. (April 17, 2006). â€Å"Managing Diversity at Spencer Owens & Co.† 3. Grensing-Pophal, Lin, (May 2002). â€Å"Reaching for Diversity Efforts in the Workplace.† 4. Ely, Robin. (April 17, 2006). â€Å"Managing Diversity at Cityside Financial Services† 5. Kreitner, Robert & Knicki, Angelo. (9th Edition/2010). â€Å"Organizational Behavior† 6. Stonybrook University. â€Å"Diversity and Affirmative Action: Difference† 7. www.business-marketing.com/store/affirmvsdiv.html 8. www.boston.com/jobs/diversity. (May 9, 2004). â€Å"DiversityWorks: How all Employees Benefit.† 9. Hodge, John. (June 1, 1993). â€Å"Relationship between managing diversity and merit-based systems.† 10. Thomas, David A. and Ely, Robin A. (September/October 1996). â€Å"Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity.†

Primates Zoo Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primates Zoo Activity - Essay Example This essay "Primates Zoo Activity" talks about the of three types of primates: the white-handed gibbon, lemur, and Bolivian gray titi monkey to analyze their the physical characteristics and types of behaviors, as well as the frequency of behaviors in a zoo environment. Lemurs are believed to have evolved from the anthropoid primates, but studies have evidenced otherwise and that they only share the behavioral as well as morphological traits with the basal primates. The ring-tailed lemurs are known for their nocturnal habits and slow pace. Lemurs have low metabolic rates and show dormancy. At the zoo, each lemur weighed between 2 to 4 kilograms. This light-weight makes them arboreal quadrupedal walkers, but it runs quadrupedally on the ground. They show marked sexual dimorphism. At the zoo, the family group comprised of one large male, 3 females and 4 offsprings. They are gentle and we joked about its huge eyes. White-handed gibbons are diurnal, natural aerial acrobats and are fairly awkward on the ground. They have long fingers and limbs, special thumbs and strong arms are specialized to the arboreal life in their forest home. Stewart and Harcourt shared the view that as the white-handed gibbons swing from limb to limb, they usually hook their fingers lightly over the branches. Their intelligence in locomotion makes them quick and efficient when moving from feeding to escaping from predators. About its morphology, I recorded that the white-handed gibbon lacks a tail and has a throat sac located beneath the chin.

Eloquence of Landscapes in the Western Film Genre Movie Review

Eloquence of Landscapes in the Western Film Genre - Movie Review Example In both films the landscape effectively highlights salient features of the storyline and characterizes its inhabitants in a way similar to the Westerns reviewed in Jane Tompkin's insightful West of Everything (70-87). Winton C. Hoch photographed The Searchers in VistaVision,1 cinematography in Technicolor with wide-angle perspective, on-location in Monument Valley. According to the Special Features section of the DVD edition, beyond the colorful sandstone spires and buttes reminiscent of its ancient inhabitants, the cameras caught on film a living, breathing recent element of the desert landscape in some of the 500 destitute Navajo families employed as actors on the set (Ford). Loyal Griggs actually won an Academy Award for his second director-of-photography effort in Shane. Ultimately all Griggs had to do was to position his camera with some aplomb and let the Grand Tetons of Wyoming speak with quiet eloquence (Purdy). Filmed in Technicolor in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and shown on an expanded screen that served to emphasize the vastness and beauty of the fertile surroundings, the film creates a living picture of the boundless promise of the American frontier, "forever framing the action in relation to the unspoiled land surrounding it." (Crowther) In her evaluation of the Western film Tompkins compares the sanctuary of the homestead or the pioneer cabin with the rugged challenges of the desert landscape (87). The Searchers opens from the safety of one family's haven into the vast reaches of the unfolding story as a lone figure on horseback rides slowly into view out of the barren wilderness. The breadth and length of the landscape scenes create a sense of authenticity for the much-abridged time and distances of the unfolding action in the narrative. The Searchers will come full circle to an identical doorway as members of a reunited family press past the threshold into their home totally oblivious to the hero as the door closes on the lonely drifter striding quietly back into the dusty landscape (Ford). On the other hand, the point of view in Shane is chiefly through the eyes of young Joey as the child vigilantly watches the distant stretches of Wyoming prairie where sundry strangers make their debut in the story from the outlying horizon. The viewpoint on the closing action will belong to Joey as well when the landscape, veiled in darkness, echoes with the child's heartbreaking appeals for his friend to return, and the wounded Shane slips quietly out of his life into the shadowy oblivion of the Wyoming hills (Stevens). Tompkins suggests that the genius of the Western is to have the terrain speak for itself (71). The physical settings in each film visually develop unique aspects of the narrative in much the same way as background music creates an ambience that heightens the emotion and suspense of the drama. In The Searchers the harsh nature of the character's surroundings accentuates its isolating and dangerous nature for the extended pioneer family (O'Brien). In striking contrast to the welcoming and simple world filmed inside the log cabin, where Ethan Edwards yearns to fit in, is the Civil War veteran's native element in the brutal and unforgiving environment which at last lures him away yet again into its untamed independence (O'Brien). The Shane exploits are mostly reflected through the eyes

Debriefing Report for VoIP2.biz, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Debriefing Report for VoIP2.biz, Inc - Essay Example The voice communication often remained on the plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).In business market, voice communication is still important to the business and remained 10 to 20 times the size of internet communication. Most business spends money every month on the legacy telephony technology. The company should therefore have some POTS for these businesses. They can also switch some of the many POTS to VolP services.Ordinarilly, the market for VolP typically measured in terms of how many POTS lines are available. VolP should allow the integration of organizations many locations including the remote workers into a single communication costs and expand functionality by combining voice and data into one network and by bringing advanced features that are not currently available to most small and midsize business customers. They need to replace all the POTS Telephone circuits with internet connections and utilize open source voice applications and commodity intercircuits.Smaller versions of PBX systems should be introduced to manage voice communication and optimizing the utilization of carrier services, reducing company monthly expenses. The company should also utilize HSC services such as DSC to reduce costs by outsourcing central engineering and equipment

Deathography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deathography - Essay Example The patient remained in palliative care for approximately four weeks before he passed away. It is his passing away that left a deep impression on me during my stint in palliative care and the reason fro my choice on reflecting on death and my experiences with death as a part of experiential learning that will be very useful to me in my career as nursing professional (Fowler, 2008). The significance of handling death and its implications to a nursing professional lies in the understanding that among all the health care professionals it is the professionals that are most immediate to the patients in end of life situations and can provide the care, comfort and counsel to such patients and their families (Dickinson, 2007). I had met the Catholic priest for the first time, when he was admitted into palliative care. Thoughts run through my mind, as to why this brief period of knowing and caring for the priest was to affect me so much. The most probable answer that I can find lies in the understanding of this provided by Tan et al, 200g. According to Tan et al 2006, p.17 â€Å"Nurses are at the forefront of caring for dying patients in hospices, nursing homes, acute-care hospitals, and patients’ homes† and â€Å"felt it reminded them of their own mortality, made them treasure life However, the passing away of the Catholic priest was not the first time that I was deeply affected by death. This occurred in my late teens, when my cousin, who was also my best friend and companion, passed away. This was not my first experience of death and my first brush with death did not leave me with grief and a sense of loss, as the death of my cousin did. My first experience of death in my family was the passing away of my grandmother, when I was five years old. I have hardly any memories of interaction with my grandmother, as she was quite sickly. Her passing away created no sadness in me. I cried when

About Business Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About Business - Personal Statement Example My keen interest on the functionality of the business soared as I began to study Business in my GCSE level. I become more enthusiastic on every aspects of Business across the globe. My father who owns real estate’s with over ten employees has been a bigger inspiration for my zeal for business. He has made me to assist him in the management of the business and this has enabled me to deeply understand the management of business finances and the taskforce required for the business to be successful. My zeal for business has enabled me to own photocopying business at the vicinity of the college. The business is doing well and this demonstrates that I have the correct attitude towards my career. As depicted in my zeal I have always remained focused on harnessing my business developments and I have a deep conviction that the small beginnings and more knowledge on Business studies will enable me to be a key player in the Business

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Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example In an article by Shanker, she recognizes the importance of accounting information in providing managers with solid information that they could base their decision making (Par 1). The author further points out that accounting information eliminate the need for business executives to use personal perception and gut to make decisions (Shanker par 1). In addition, the article recognizes that accounting is used in understanding the appropriateness of strategies used to attain short term goals. Shanker points out that short term financial goals such as an increase in sales, amount of debt, number of creditors and level of loss can be accurately determined by providing accounting information (par 1). The article is of the assumption that to acquire accurate and effective accounting information; a business entity should be formulated in three steps. Firstly, the cash numbers should be acquired. Shanker points out that cash is the most significant asset in an organization (par 2). For this reason, executives should analyze how cash-wise an organization is, and use the information to plan for short and long-term financial expenditure. For instance, if a business has cash balance of $50,000 and requires purchasing assets worth $120,000, the manager should come up with alternatives that would raise the money without using the cash balance of the business. To understand the current financial data in organizations, most executives use ratios to analyze the financial position of their businesses (Shanker par 2). For instance, the current ratio is used to determine the ability of a company to pay its short-term debt. It is determined by comparing its current assets and liabilities. The second step is to mind the budget. This can be determined by analyzing the value of income and expenditure at a specific time. This ensures that the business runs of a specific budget. Shanker is of the assumption that; if a

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a Research Paper

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a theory presented in class and in the readings - Research Paper Example It is increasingly difficult nowadays to maintain world power as it has proven to US president Barrack Obama in his tenure in the White House (Hook 2011). The whole world had been hit by the economic constrains and US being no exception it also had its problems. It has therefore become increasingly difficult to maintain the army and the rising cost of living in the US (Hook 2011). The Obama administration has dealt with many challenges while trying to accomplish one of its promises to improve on the American Foreign policy. The healthcare debate has been among the domestic debates that have really proven to be a headache to his administration. The American Foreign policy has been criticized for being self centered as it is considered to have emanated from an injured colonial history. The US foreign policy is made by domestic groups which are not considered very right and also due to the possibility of manipulation from the donors it has called for serious screening of the policy (Hook 2011). The US foreign policy actions therefore remain at a risk of being constrained by the media and other groups which have the power in the US.1 This paper will address the policy in details. The past century has seen America rise from being a regional to a world power due to its success in various fields especially in technology. The country was kept safe from global conflicts by the previous presidents who tried to practice global social exception of the Americans. This was the cause of the current problems in global and foreign relations as experienced in America today. US former president James Monroe in 1923 established the Monroe doctrine whose main aim was to separate the United States from Europe. Monroe further declared the European dominance and colonization of the countries in the West a threat to the US national security and vowed to ensure that little interaction would be allowed between the US and

Electrinic and Digital Media Paper Essay Example for Free

Electrinic and Digital Media Paper Essay Historically the role of media in our society was one of delivering news and information for the sake of knowledge. According to Vivian, the news media served as the major watch dog in the gathering and sharing of information across the world. Traditions of a culture, such as China, have long been created an opportunity for free creative and artistic expression as a means of media exposure in countries where there is great government regulation. Now in a more contemporary role, media has become so integrated in people’s lives that many are swimming in a mass media ocean of communication. Media multitasking has become such of a normal routine for most people, that without media their lives would be empty (Vivian 2011). Over the years mass media has advanced in so many areas, becoming the technological assisted transmission of messages to mass audiences (Vivian 2011) of photography, sound, and transmission. Technology has been the foundation of mass communication in the media industry for years. If not for the invention of the printing press, books and newspapers may have never been published. Mass media has become almost solely dependent on the technology of today. Technological development of the Internet offers the potential, if appropriately utilized, to be an enabler of a more sustainable future (Ahmed 1999). Mass communication has evolved through the years with the emergence of various technologies such as printing, chemical, digital, and electronics. These technologies have contributed to media growth far beyond what anyone could believe early in the history of Mass communications. Particularly with the emergence of Chemical and Electronic technologies movies became popular and the radio and television mediums sky rocketed in popularity. Photography early on helped to increase the power of the printed word by bringing words to life by leading the charge in producing pictures in books, newspapers and magazines. The recording industry has evolved from the phonograph to the iPod allowing for radio to be everywhere and communication being transferred through airwaves for audiences which printed sources could not reach. Much of the technologies from above have become more of a necessity rather than a luxury by which only a few persons can benefit. With the invention of the printing press the newspaper industry has been able to mass produce a product from an initial template of an idea. Cameras and projectors have moved past capturing a moment into creating a moment vision, by understanding the eye retains a vision of a period of time, and if multiple photos could be taken, linked together, and flipped quickly, the human eye could be tricked into visualizing motion of an object. Creating a continuous motion, which later became known as â€Å"Film† and now digital photos. With the development of digital technology there has been great efficiency brought to various aspects of many people’s lifestyles. (Vivian 2011). Bell Labs lead the way in revolutionizing a new media avenue known as â€Å"The Net†. The internet in the early 1990’s was vastly evolving into the next means of mass communication. Bell Labs was in the forefront of the digital age by walking us into a media convergence. Where bits of data, we commonly refer to as messages, could be transmitted over the internet in large capacity at a certain rate of speed and reassemble as readable text upon reception at its destination. Now in 2012 because of the efforts of Bell Labs the digital age has advanced throughout time to where we once dialed a phone number from memory, we now speak a name and our phones dial for us. Smartphone devices have opened up a new world where everything is truly at your finger tips. Where Companies once relied on Trucks and warehouse for logistical need for distributing their products, they now have cut cost by utilizing the internet. Products such as books, magazines, and newspapers, printed media, have bought in to the immediate delivery of their brands in a matter of minutes versus days or weeks even. In the last 20 years all of the new trends and developments within the electronic and digital media industry the role of mass media has changed but yet still remains the same in its function. Persons, who once in casual conversation referred to their business as the newspaper business, now have restricted their verbiage and now work in the news business. References CREATIONISM Study teaching; MASS media; GREAT Britain; ROYAL Society (Great Britain); RELIGION science; REISS, Michael Ahmed, Pervaiz K.; Hardaker, Glenn. Business Strategy the Environment (John Wiley Sons, Inc). Jan1999, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p75-81. 7p Vivian, J. (2011). The media of mass communication (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon.

Social Media from a Functionalist Perspective

Social Media from a Functionalist Perspective Introduction Late modern society is a network society (Castells, 1997). Devices such as smart phones are portable connect individuals in a complex system of interaction via emails, Facebook, Linkedin, Mumsnet, BlackBerry Messenger which support the functionalist vision. Social media sites are social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook that function for the purpose of enabling the interaction between millions of individuals whenever, wherever and about whatever given subject they wish to communicate. By the end of 2013 Facebook had 1.23 billion subscribers (Sedghi, 2014). This growth amounted to 170 million new subscribers in 2013 alone (Sedghi, 2014). The main use of Facebook is to maintain socially cohesive contact with friends and family which supports the functionalist vision of society (Ofcom, 2011).   It is argued by C. Wright Mills (1956) that society is manipulated into a social order by the one-directional rhetoric of the mass media. In contrast, social media sites are capable of bi- directional interaction with others which is socially cohesive and supports the functionalist vision of society. However, this is not always the case. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the function of social media sites firstly by providing an overview of functionalism and secondly by illustrating how social media both supports and contradicts the functionalist vision of society. Functionalism The positivist approach of structural functionalists involves analysing society from a macro-sociological perspective. They view society as a set of interrelated institutions which form a whole (Abercrombie et al., 2000:145). Such institutions include the family, education, politics, law, the media, organisations, economics and religion (Abercrombie et al., 2000:145). These form the agents of socialization which the shape behaviours that form a public consensus among which they do through constant institutional interaction (Durkheim, 1893:50). Durkheim focused on the consequences of social change between two eras; pre-modern [mechanical] society and industrial [organic] society (Durkheim, 1893).   Pre-modern agrarian society was cohesive, tied by kinship with a collective consciousness of norms, which were constantly reinforced through socialisation and interaction (Durkheim, 1893). The shift from the simplicity of the mechanical society to the complexities of organic society impac ted negatively on kinship and collective values as individuals undertook multiple forms of work in this new mode of production; capitalism (Durkheim, 1893). Durkheims (1893) analysis of organic society extends an analogy originally devised by Spencer (1820–1903) whereby he likens society to the human body insofar as both have interdependent parts that must function for survival (Coser, 1893 [1997]: xvi).   If any organ [institution] malfunctions, the body social [society] becomes unstable (Durkheim, 1893). As such, each organism [individual] has a specialist role within these institutions which it performs for the social good; not least because their own survival depends on it (Durkheim, 1893). Appropriating active social change is not advised because the institutions and the body social will be destabilised causing anomie (Durkheim, 1893). Anomie is a causal factor of social instability as a result of the inequalities in the division of labour as a result of some organisms outperforming others (Durkheim, 1893). This differentiation exacerbated the stratification that formed hierarchies in the new industrial workforce which pola rised rich and poor (Durkheim, 1893). Social Dysfunction In a modern context, anomie also descended on the British inner cities for similar reasons in August 2011 when the dysfunction of the political, legal and educational institutions failed to meet the needs of the body social (Durkheim, 1893). Merton argues that institutional dysfunction which can be the unintentional consequences of latent functions (Merton, 1968:105). In contrast, adaptations to society by institutions are manifest functions which are deliberately applied (Merton, 1968:105). The manifest functions involved (Merton, 1968: 105). As Merton asserts, such functions are targeted towards individuals in diverse statuses, subgroups the larger social system and culture systems such as limiting opportunities to education through welfare reforms for British working class youths (Merton, 1968:106). The response by disaffected youths was the riots that ensued across the UK in 2011 which was orchestrated using the free service BlackBerry Messenger [BBM] (Lewis et al., 2012). BBM is a free service in which one message can be disseminated to hundreds of recipients instantly who then forward the message to the hundreds more (Lewis et al., 2012). The social cohesion resulting from BBM extended to a temporary truce between otherwise rival gangs which is a positive function of interaction (Lewis et al., 2012). The riots came to an abrupt end when BlackBerry disconnected the service thus illustrating how solidarity depends on interaction (Lewis et al., 2012). Twitter was also accused of inciting the riots but it was later proven that the 2.5 million riot-related tweets showed solidarity against the rioters whilst also recruiting individuals to help with the clean-up process which serve the functionalist vision of society (BBC News 2011: [Online]). Similarly, the anomie in Egypt and Tuni sia was corrected by implementing the overthrow of their relative dictators which was mobilised via Facebook (Bouteflika, 2011). The Social System It is also argued that crime is necessary, inevitable and functional because it elicits the solidarity of the law-abiding public whose anger culminates in the public shaming and punishment of the offender (Durkheim, 1893). Crime therefore serves to redefine the moral boundaries which supports the functionalist vision of society (Durkheim, 1893).   Unlike the riots, social stability occurs when all of the component parts are fully functioning producing a system of equilibrium (Parsons, 1951which is contingent upon the strength or weaknesses of the interactive relationships between the institutions (Parsons, 1951: [1999: 84). In this context, Parsons (1951) claims that actors are goal-achieving and have alternate ways of achieving goals such as through education which is universal and equal (1951:130). In contrast, Merton argues that society sets the cultural goals but fails to provide the institutional means to achieve them (1938:100). While Durkheims functionalist vision is positivist in its assumptions that organisms are homogenous, Talcott Parsons theory of The Social System recognised that society comprised of a plurality of individual actors interacting with each other (1951 [1991]: 3). Parsons (1951) argued that the social system is contingent upon a set of four prerequisites which include: adaptation in times of social change due to one of the institutions malfunctioning; goals involves achieving certain goals in society; integration is the reliance that actors will identify with their social group; and latency involves maintaining the foundations of the social system such as through solid family socialisation.   Mumsnet This would never be tolerated by the UKs top parenting site Mumsnet which is an interactive forum run by parents for parents (Mumsnet, 2015: [Online]). Mumsnet offers advice to parents on pregnancy, education, money, and work (Mumsnet, 2015: [Online]). Within these discourses advice ranging from breastfeeding to university education is all designed to educate and optimise how parents raise their utmost for their children (Mumsnet, 2015 [Online]).   In this context, Mumsnet clearly supports the functional vision of society as it interacts with most of the institutional organs of the body social most all of the institutions (Mumsnet, 2015). According to Maxwell and Aggleton, (2013:139) Mumsnet contains symbolic and ritualistic undercurrents that allow the class disparities to surface. For example, Mumsnet has a strict netiquette whereby husbands and children are identified within the posts by individuals as DH [dear husband] DS [dear son] and DD [dear daughter] which denotes ritual whilst imposing middle class values on working class families.   Parsons argues that the primary problems and strains centre on the role of the wife and mother †¦ The easy solution is for her to be completely excluded from the occupational system by confining herself to the role of housewife (1951:128).   However, Mumsnet mothers consider themselves professional mothers who can juggle their work-life balance with ease (2013:139). For example, class disparities are evident in an exchange on Mumsnet between several mothers on children watching TV. For example, We cant all be Mother Earth I wouldnt listen to some of the militant mums on here Being pregnant is no reason to be lazy parent to your toddler How judgey some people can be about a little TV At least the child isnt strapped in a buggy with a packet of crisps and a bottle of coke Nowt wrong with crisps and a bottle of coke Exactly, as long as theyre organic (Maxwell and Aggleton, 2013:138) Such class differentiations are glaringly evident on Mumsnet who sell themselves as professional mothers who are well versed in child rearing (Maxwell and Agglegate, 2013). While functionalists overlook class in their macrosociological analysis, Mumsnet is class led and intimidating it is a site for those mothers who do not fear militant mothers or those labelled as Mother Earth (Maxwell and Agglegate, 2013:139). While in principle the mother and homemaker serves the functionalist vision of society, through rituals and cultural practices, the fact that many Mumsnet mothers are working or unmarried will contradict this vision as being negative to children (Maxwell and Aggleton, 2013). The collective consciousness that perform rituals and totemic symbolisation provides a cauldron of collective effervescence for the religious (Durkheim, 1915: 469). Religion which is the most socially cohesive element of the institutions collective life awakens religious thought (Durkheim, 1915: 469). (Coser, 1915: xx). Evidence of such effervescence surrounds Christmas, weddings Bar Mitzvahs and funerals is displayed on social media sites because religion is an eminently collective thing (Durkheim, 1954: 47). Death is also a ritual and a commodity as people flock to mourn the departed; this collective mourning is replicated via social media (Durkheim, 1954; Bell, 1992). Durkheim argued that all societies were divided by the sacred and the profane; the sacred are the totemic objects that are reserved for religious rituals which are emblematic of the clan or tribe, community or society; this is the case across the globe as all primitive religions adopt   the sacred/profane dichotomy (Durkheim 1915: xx). Sacred totems evoke emotional attachment whereas the profane represents everyday objects that are used routinely (such as social media devices) (Durkheim, 1915: xx). However, such totems are only sacred because individuals deemed them as such (Durkheim, 1915). To this end, Durkheim dismisses the centrality of a God in religion; it is the society itself that is God (19). It could be argued that the online community also worships itself as social media sites are central to society (Preston, 2011: [Online]). For example, in the previous week to the time of writing, the Facebook page Jesus Daily received 26.6m Likes and 3.2m interactions (Facebook, 2015: [Online]). Similarly, In a Facebook post by a Jesuit priest supporting the Supreme Court decision to legalise gay marriage Rev. James Martin asserted that: No issue brings out so much hatred from so many Catholics as homosexuality. Even after over 25 years as a Jesuit, the level of hatred around homosexuality is †¦ unbelievable to me, especially when I think of all of the wonderful LGBT friends I have (cited in Gibson, 2015: [Online]). The Reverends message went viral receiving 18,000 posts,140,000 shares and 400,000 likes on Facebook (Gibson, 2015:[Online]).However, Pope Benedict warned Catholics that human interaction in physical terms was crucial (Preston, 2011: [Online]). Similarly, a Presbyterian reverend urged individuals to experience the physical sensation of water in Baptism [and] hold hands in a service of worship (Preston, 2011: [Online]). This illustrates how religion is mediated in terms of a system of culturally structured and shared symbols (Parsons, 1979:6). Durkheim argues that forbidden, beliefs and practises assists the solidarity to one moral community called a church (Durkheim, 1995:44).   A Church is not simply a priestly brotherhood; it is a moral community (Durkheim, 1995: xxii-xxxii). The anomaly lies in the founder of Jesus Daily,   Aaron Tabor who is actually doctor and finds time to update Jesus Daily with Biblical texts (Preston, 2011: [Online]; Drescher, 2011 ). Similarly, the retw eeting of Pope Francis tweets comes second only to Barak Obama (1954: 47). This is evidence of a shift towards maintaining a less secular online identity which supports the functionalist vision of society for its cohesive qualities.   In contrast however, radical religiosity contradicts the functionalist vision. ISIS uses YouTube to showcase its killing; Twitter to increase its presence and Facebook to radicalise and recruit young British Muslims from a distance because criminals are often the result of instinctive, irresistible feelings that they often spread to the innocent object (Durkheim, 1893:47; Engel, 2015). While Twitter is constantly deleting ISIS accounts, ISIS is more intelligent than terrorists of the past which most definitely contradicts the functionalist vision (Engel, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion it is evident following a critical evaluation of the debates above that social media on the whole supports the functionalist view of society in maintaining to high degree the social stability of the body social. It is evident that rituals are performed constantly and values are reinforced where needed. However, other sites are more philanthropic and patronising of their working class subscribers which contradicts the functionalist vision. Social media has been beneficial to parts of the Arab world by overthrowing oppressive dictators while the social action of British youths served to redraw the moral boundaries.   ISIS contradicts the functionalist vision in its aim to eradicated Christians from Iraq and Syria. Nevertheless, the social cohesion of interacting with family and friends while the rituals that religious beliefs behold do support the functionalist vision of society. Word Count: 2,190 Bibliography BBC News (2012) Social media talks about rioting constructive, BBC News [Online] Available:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/uk-14657456  (Accessed 16th September 2015) Bell, C. M. (1992). Ritual theory, ritual practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Bouteflika, A. (2011) Twitter, Facebook and YouTubes role in Arab Spring, Social Capital [Online] Available:  https://socialcapital.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/twitter-facebook-and-youtubes-role-in-tunisia-uprising/  (Accessed 16th September 2015) Castells, M. (1999) An introduction to the information age in Mackay, H. OSullivan, T. (eds) The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation (pp. 398-410). London: Sage Coser, L. (1984) Introduction in Durkheim, E. (1893) Division of Labour in Society (pp. ix-xxv), New York: Free Press Drescher, E. (2011) Five Social Media Trends That Are Reshaping Religion, Religion Dispatches [Online] Available  http://religiondispatches.org/five-social-media-trends-that-are-reshaping-religion/  (Accessed 16th September 2015) Durkheim, E. (1893) Division of Labour in Society, New York: Free Press Durkheim, E. (1995 [1912]) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. [Translated and with an Introduction by Karen E. Fields.] New York: Free Press Engel, K. (2015) ISIS has mastered a crucial recruiting tactic no terrorist group has ever conquered Business Insider Gibson, D. (2015) A Catholic priests viral Facebook post on gay marriage, and what it means, Religion News Service [Online] Available:  http://davidgibson.religionnews.com/2015/06/29/a-catholic-priests-viral-facebook-post-on-gay-marriage-and-what-it-means/#sthash.G2wzRgMO.dpuf  (Accessed 16th September 2015) Maxwell Aggleton (2013) Privilege, Agency and Affect: Understanding the Production and Effects of Action, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan Lewis, P. (2012) Reading the Riots, London: Guardian LSE Merton, R.K. (1938) Social Structure and Anomie, American Sociological Review, 3(5): 672-682. Merton R.K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: Free Press Mumsnet (2015) Home Page Mumsnet [Online] Available:  http://www.mumsnet.com/  (Accessed 17th September 2015) Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System, New York: Free Press Parsons, T. (1961) Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory. New York: Free Press Parsons, T. (2001[1979]) The Structure of Social Action And Contemporary Debates Preston, J. (2011) Facebook Page for Jesus, With Highly Active Fans, New York Times [Online] Available:  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/technology/jesus-daily-on-facebook-nurtures-highly-active-fans.html?_r=0  (Accessed 15th September 2015) Sedghi, A. (2014) Facebook: 10 years of social networking, in numbers, The Guardian [Online] Available:  http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics  (Accessed 27th September 2015) Weber, M. (1930 [1904–5]) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford, Blackwell. Wright Mills, C. (1956). The Power Elite. Oxford Press

Racism in America :: essays papers

Racism in America The Construction of an Institution For hundreds of years, it has been "truth" that the races were biologically different. The differences that separated society were based on scientifically based genetic differences that gave reason for the separation of races. However based on recent findings, it is known that this is not the case. In 1974 Richard Lewontin dispelled this myth with a study he did that proved that there are no genetic differences between races. In fact he discovered if anything, there were more differences within the "races" then between the different races. Why then, do we still have use for different races? Why is racism still rampant in American society? The reason is that although race is not founded through science, this institution of American society is merely an obsolete combination of historical, social, and cultural construction. Historically our physical differences supplied reason to separate into races. In doing this we see the emergence of races. Europeans marked individuals that looked different from them and used this difference as a justification for their reasoning that these individuals were inferior to them. To support their claims, there was "scientific research" done to explain our differences. These differences were said to be biological. As early as the 1800s scientists purported these ideas to be true. One doctor believed that blacks suffered from a form of leprosy. Because science is said to be so exact and indisputable, Americans held these theories to be truth and used them to construct the different classifications of race. These "biological" findings provided the basis for the most corrupt institution in America: racism. Through the classifying of people of color as inferior due to genetic reasoning, provided whites with an excuse to dominate. This social issue divided the coun try and served as a weapon to keep people of color in the minority and denied them of any economic or educational power that was necessary to survive in America. This social phenomenon further abused the "biological" differences to further oppress people of color. Race provided the perfect method of domination in America. To the dismay of racists around the country, a scientist decided to reevaluate the "genetic" differences between the races, that had been so cleverly constructed.

Wildlife Endangerment Due to Human Intervention in Nature Essay example

Wildlife Endangerment Due to Human Intervention in Nature "The driving force behind today’s alarming decline in species is the destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitat due to our increasing human population and wasteful consumption of resources."1 Everyday wildlife is forced to seek refuge in very remote, small areas. As the human population increases, land that was once inhabited by wildlife is urbanized to suit human needs. In other words, the land available for wildlife to survive on keeps diminishing. As houses and roads are constructed, forest are cut down and cleared; consequently eliminating the natural habitats of wildlife. This causes animals to migrate to new areas and seek refuge. Under certain, harsh circumstances, the animal may become extinct. Due to the propagation of the human species, greater and greater amounts of land are taken away from wildlife. Eventually all land will be commercialized for human needs, thus leaving wildlife lost in the shuffle. Human intervention in nature has caused disastrous eff ects to wildlife and will continue to occur until humans realize the outcomes of their actions. Urbanization and habitat destruction play a large role in the decrease of wildlife. When Columbus discovered America, forests and grassy fields covered the land. As the years passed by, people began moving to the New World, thus increasing the demand for houses to be built. Since then, the human population has grown to an extremely large number. Today, the majority of land is commercialized either for humans or livestock. Urbanization is very dangerous, in respect to the preservation of wildlife. Along with decreasing wildlife populations, many plant species are destroyed in the process. In today... ...13. Long, 123. BIBLIOGRAPHY - Bascompte, Jordi, and Ricard V. Sole. â€Å"Effects of habitat destruction in a prey- predator metapopulation model.† Journal of Theoretical Biology, 195(3) December 1998, 383-393. - Long, Michael E. â€Å"The vanishing prairie dog.† National Geographic 193(4) Apr 1998: 116-131 - â€Å"PIRG: Wildlife Need Wild Places: Causes of Habitat Loss and Species Endangerment.† Public Interest Research Groups 1998. Available from http://www.pirg.org/enviro/esa/wildlife/page2.htm. Accessed 15 February 1999 - â€Å"Sanctuary: U.S. Wildlife Refuges.† National Geographic Society 1996. Available from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/refuges/c060.html. Accessed 15 February 1999 - Shrestha, M. N. â€Å"Animal welfare in the musk deer.† Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59(1-3) Aug. 1998: 245-250

The Two Different Cases Regarding Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

The Two Different Cases Regarding Capital Punishment Thesis : In principle a case can be made on moral grounds both supporting and opposing capital punishment. Two different cases can be made. One is based on justice and the nature of a moral community. This leads to a defense of capital punishment. The second is based on love and the nature of an ideal spiritual community. This leads to a rejection of capital punishment. JUSTICE AND THE NATURE OF MORAL COMMUNITY A central principal of a just society is that every person has an equal right to "life, liberity, and happiness." Within that, an arguement for capital punishment forms along the following lines: some acts are so evil and so destructive of a community that they void the right of the perpetrator to life. A community founded on moral principals has specific requirements. The right to belong to a community is not unconditional. The privilege of living and pursuing the good life in society is not certain. The essential reason on which community is built requires each citizen to honor the rightful claims of others. The precious live in a moral community must be so highly honored that those who do not honor the life of others void their own right to membership. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate price. This must be done for the sake of the community which was violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a suitable substitute for the death penalty. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and if it honors the nature of the moral community. LOVE AND AN IDEAL SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY Christian live, is unconditional. It does not depend on the worthiness or value of those to whom it is directed. It is persistent in seeking the good of others regardless of whether they return the favor or even deserve to be treated well on the basis of their own wrongdoing. An ideal community would be made up pf free and equal citizens devoted to a balance between individual needs and the advancement of common good. Communal life would be based on mutual love in which equality of giving and receiving was the social practise. Everyone would contribute to the best of ability. What would a community based on this kind of love do with those who committed brutal acts of terror, violence, and murder? Put negatively, it would not live by the philosophy of "an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a

Marriages are made in heaven Essay

â€Å"Marriages are made in heaven†, so it is said, but they are solemnized here on earth. This is a great occasion that comes in our only once and therefore, calls for a celebration anywhere in the world. In our country this is a very solemn occasion, accompanied with numerous customs associated with it, making it all more exciting and memorable. It a wonderful mixture of traditions blended with modernity that is even admired by foreigners. Last month my best friend Alex, who lived in my neighborhood got married to her fiancee, a software engineer in the United States. I being her best friend was assigned the responsibility of looking after the bride and chaperoning her at her wedding. On the appointed day since morning there was hectic activities beginning from the Haldi ceremony, vermillion was applied on her followed by ladies sangeet. Then I applied mehendi on her hands. By the time this was over, it was already lunch time. Immediately after lunch, we had to go to the market to collect her bridal wear that had been given for some last minute alterations. Thereafter we went to the bridal beauty parlour, where we spent some time. By the time they were finished, it was difficult to recognize Alex, and for so striking was her beauty, that even tinsel heroines would have had a complex. It was now getting late; we rushed home to find our family members anxiously waiting for us. The barat was on its way and we could hear the drum beats. We all rushed outside to see the barat as it approached the gate. The bridegroom was astride on a horse bedecked with flowers. His tall figure with a golden sehra on his head, made him look like a proverbial prince. There was the ‘Dwar Puja’ at the gate followed by religious ceremonies performed by the pundit. Thereafter the groom was escorted to the dais†¦

The Dangers of Dengue Fever and How to Keep You

A very good morning to the principal, teachers and fellow friends. I am Samuel Lim, the president of the English Club and it is my honor to be able to stand before everyone to give a speech on ‘The Dangers of Dengue Fever and How to Keep You Compound Dengue Free’. Dengue is the most common viral illness around the world caused by a small mosquito. Regrettably, it can lead to serious medical problems like dengue. To make the picture clearer, dengue fever is not caused by every mosquito. In fact, it is caused by the Aedes aegypti mosquito which carries a deadly virus. An infected person might have a high chance of developing high fever, rashes, feel nausea and experience muscle and joint pains. It is no joking matter when a person becomes infected as the symptoms may last between six to seven days. To make things worse, it may become fatal and cost you your life. Very often, an infected person is admitted into the hospital for immediate medical treatment. As the saying goes, ‘Prevention Is Better than Cure’, dengue can be prevented in your neighbourhood just by following a few simple precautions. On the very top of the list, make sure that the flower pots in your garden or compound do not contain stagnant water. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water in just a matter of three weeks. The next thing to pay attention to is to clear clogged drains and rain gutters in your homes. Remember to turn empty pots and pails upside down so that they do not collect rainwater for these tiny vectors to breed. Another important step is to check your compound to make sure that there is no stagnant water. Last but not least, trim tall plants frequently and ensure that dead leaves and branches are cleared. These can also become potential breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes. In a nutshell, dengue is a dangerous disease which can rob you of your life but can be easily prevented by following a few simple steps. I hope that the information I have shared with everyone today can reduce.

National Curriculum Subject Of Science

In this assignment I will be looking at the National Curriculum topic of Science. I shall be looking at be aftering a scientific discipline lesson and instruction to a whole category. I will look critically at facets of the scientific discipline course of study, including the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) . Once the scientific discipline lesson has been taught, I will measure how good the lesson went, if there was any jobs and if there was, how they were overcome. When be aftering the lesson I will look at the misconceptions in scientific discipline and how resources/strategies help to put these misconceptions straight. I will besides look at ICT in the scientific discipline course of study and how ICT was used in the planned and taught scientific discipline lesson. The manner scientific discipline is taught has been good discussed with those who say that kids should be taught scientific discipline and those who say kids should be taught to hold an apprehension of scientific discipline. Cockburn ( 2001 ) provinces, â€Å" Others hold a well- established position that a chief purpose of school scientific discipline is to advance enthusiasm for the topic and to heighten students ‘ apprehension of, and, involvement in, scientific issues in big life. † ( Cockburn, 2001, pg 183 ) So Cockburn believes that instructors should teach kids in a manner that excites them, and wants them to be influenced in their adult/ calling life. However in the Independent reappraisal of the Primary Curriculum: Concluding study, it looks at the instruction of Science as, â€Å" Scientific and technological apprehension. † ( Rose, 2009, pg 47 ) Rose believes that kids should be taught to hold merely an apprehension of scientific discipline instead than hold learning that leads them to desire a calling in scientific discipline. As a practician I believe that the topic of scientific discipline should be taught to hold an apprehension of scientific discipline. This apprehension should be taught with such creativeness and enthusiasm that the kids will desire to detect and research on their ain. After looking at the National Curriculum for Science, and talking with the category instructor, it was decided that the subdivision on visible radiation and dark was to be taught following. The kids had a basic apprehension on light and dark, due to them holding a brief debut to the topic in a old hebdomad. As the kids are in Key Stage One, in conformity with The National Curriculum for Science ( 1999 ) kids are to be taught, â€Å" To place different visible radiation beginnings, including the Sun. † and â€Å" that darkness in the absence of visible radiation. † ( QCA, 1999, pg19 ) The instruction of light and dark at this phase helps to construct up a foundation for subsequently larning linked to light and sound. An earlier foundation is built in the EYFS, for a acquisition of Science. Such ends are, â€Å" Find out about their environment, and speak about those characteristics they like and dislike. † ( DCSF, 2008, pg 15 ) This builds a foundation for visible radiation and dark ; this is because light/dark is portion of their environment. This end besides allows for schoolroom treatment which is cardinal for their societal edifice accomplishments at this phase. Another foundation gal that is linked to the visible radiation and dark subdivision is, â€Å" Observe, happen out about and place characteristics in the topographic point they love and the natural universe. † ( DCSF, 2008, pg 15 ) This helps to construct a foundation, as the kids are taught about things that occur in the natural universe, i.e. visible radiation and darkness. After light and dark has been taught at Key Stage One, the acquisition continues into Key Stage Two. The first thing that kids are taught is, â€Å" That light travels from a beginning. † ( QCA, 1999, pg 26 ) Others include, that when visible radiation is blocked it forms shadows, that on brooding surfaces the light reverberates and eventually that the visible radiation has to come in our eyes to enable us to see. ( QCA, 1999, pg 26 ) The foundations are built in the EYFS with the kids being taught to detect the universe around them ; this creates a basic cognition needed to reassign to Key Stage one and two. I shall now critically reflect on the scientific discipline course of study, looking at the scientific discipline on a whole. Newton, 2000, pg 232 describes how the scientific discipline course of study faces issues on a whole, â€Å" Here we will look at the demand for you to see certain operational affairs in the primary scientific discipline schoolroom such as jobs of schoolroom administration and direction and the ways in which you and the kids interact during lessons. † So before contemplation on the course of study its ‘ ego, the agreement and way of the schoolroom has come under examination. Newton believes that administration affects the instruction of scientific discipline ; nevertheless Garson looks at how the resources are the precedence. â€Å" A utile manner of guaranting that the schoolroom a instructor plant in is contributing to making scientific discipline activities is to name the demands created by such activities and so guarantee that it is possible, within the peculiar restraints imposed by the school, to fit those demands every bit about as possible. † ( Garson, 2007, pg 78 ) Another issue has been brought up by the Houses of Parliament, â€Å" Factors within primary schools that may impact students ‘ involvement in scientific discipline, include ; whether scientific discipline instruction is adapted by single schools to reflect the involvement of their students ; the focal point on readying for SAT ‘s trials in the last twelvemonth of primary school ; primary instructors ‘ degree of scientific cognition and assurance in learning scientific discipline. † ( Houses of Parliament, 2003, pg 2 ) They believe that there are issues in the primary course of study that discourage the acquisition and enthusiasm of the kids in the schoolroom. However Mertler, 2005, pg 217, writes about a survey conducted with parents and kids. He summarises the decision of the survey, â€Å" 60 % of the parents considered their kids enthusiastic or really enthusiastic about larning scientific discipline both before and after the survey. † The survey was conducted one twelvemonth after the papers from the Houses of Parliament was published. It could be looked upon the papers assisting the instruction of scientific discipline ; by instructor improving and accommodating their instruction methods. Although it is possible that no alterations were implemented and the position of instructors, parents and kids changed for no ground. Another issue in scientific discipline is the job of misconceptions. As described by Tweed, â€Å" The word misconception denotes an mistake in believing about the scientific discipline construct, while prepossession is frequently more accurate, since the thoughts arose from their ain experiences and without formal scientific discipline direction. † ( Tweed, 2009, pg 104 ) Tweed believes that there are lone prepossessions instead than misconceptions. This is because kids perceive scientific discipline from their experience instead than holding a misconception due to deficient instruction. Dean discusses why there could be possible misconceptions in the scientific discipline course of study, â€Å" Children attack scientific discipline with thoughts of their ain about why things are they manner they are and these theories are frequently incompatible with the thoughts instructors want them to larn. † ( Dean, 2005, pg 80 ) The Committee on Undergraduate scientific discipline instruction, 1997, pg 27 looks further into the quandary of misconceptions in scientific discipline. They province, â€Å" Students are frequently able to utilize algorithms to work out numerical jobs without wholly understanding the implicit in scientific discipline construct. † They speculate that kids can cognize replies to inquiries, frequently through rote, but non hold any apprehension of the scientifical background. If kids have no apprehension of the scientifical background of things so how can this aid with their job work outing accomplishments? Looking more closely at misconceptions in scientific discipline, I will now concentrate on light and dark. Looking at the misconceptions in the visible radiation and dark subdivision will assist me be after my lesson subsequently. The first misconception that I come across was that some kids believe, â€Å" The oculus is the lone organ for sight ; the encephalon is the merely for thought. † ( Weiler, 2009 ) Although this is non straight elated to light and dark on the whole it is linked. This is because kids need to larn that the visible radiation helps us to see, but we can utilize our other senses to happen things. A survey conducted by Pine, Messer and St.John, 2001, pg 11, besides noted some misconceptions of kids, some of these include, â€Å" One kid thought you light a bulb by seting it in the Sun, another believed that visible radiations are the chief beginning of visible radiation. Four instructors highlighted the misconception that the Moon is a beginning of visible radiation. † St John, Pine and Messer, 2001 conducted a he-man with instructors on the misconceptions in scientific discipline. There were many misconceptions within the scientific discipline course of study. It is hard to understand how kids have these misconceptions/ prepossessions. Where the kid thought that a light bulb demands to be put in the Sun to visible radiation, it is possible that this is a prepossession instead than a misconception. The kids might hold experience with solar energy, but non hold the scientifical apprehension that the bulb could be powered in an alternate manner. However, if there are possible misconceptions for the visible radiation and dark subdivision, it is accomplishable and indispensable to get rid of them. There are many ways to subvert misconceptions ; the most good is published by the Committee on Undergraduate scientific discipline instruction, 1997, pg 30, â€Å" Carefully selected presentations are one manner of assisting pupils overcome misconceptions. † This peculiar system of get the better ofing misconceptions helps kids who are kinesthetic scholars, as kids learn best by making. If the instructor was to utilize shows with the kids, the ‘hands on ‘ larning attack will assist to overcome the misconceptions. Bing able to place possible misconceptions and how to get the better of them is acute to assist when be aftering lessons. Planing lessons is important to assist raise the accomplishment of the kids and to run into the standards set by the National Curriculum, â€Å" There are four chief schemes for raising accomplishment. They are: a planned course of study that has both comprehensiveness and deepness ; strategies of work that break down the course of study into manageable balls ; effectual lesson programs ; distinction, so that each kid is able to work to his or her ain potency and non execute undertakings that are either excessively easy or excessively hard. † ( Smith, 2002, pg 96 ) If instructors are to learn to the right criterion and beyond so they should be after their lessons with links to the National Curriculum. Using the QCA strategies of work will assist every bit will the use of distinction. As cited earlier the kids will be looking at the visible radiation and dark subdivision of the scientific discipline course of study. The misconceptions faced earlier are assistive towards the planning of the lesson. This is because presentations will be projected to help kids repress their misconceptions. Teachers besides need to be after for distinction during any topic, nevertheless from experience it can assist to hold assorted ability groups that will back up each other. Newton, 2000, pg 216 describes how instructor should travel about planning for scientific discipline, â€Å" When planning for scientific discipline there are four peculiar standards you need to thing about ; comprehensivenesss, balance, continuity and patterned advance. † Newton conceives that to be after a scientific discipline lesson, instructors should believe about ‘breadth ‘ . The ‘breadth ‘ agencies to cover a broad scope of each subdivision ; non merely concentrating on each sub-section separately. The ‘balance ‘ of the planning is the balance of learning for an apprehension and consecutive frontward learning. ‘Continuity ‘ is linked with the appraisal, guaranting that the kids to the full understand before traveling on to the following subject. Finally ‘progression ‘ can besides be associated to continuity. It focuses more on guaranting the kids have a full apprehension and any misconceptions have been overco me. When be aftering the lesson I felt it was needed and good to re-cover any anterior cognition they may hold. Walker, 2008, pg 9 besides suggests utilizing this clip to recap old lessons/ cognition, â€Å" In a typical hr lesson this will take 5-10 proceedingss. Its intent is to give pupils a spirit of the lesson and to acquire them believing. Alternatively it could be an activity to arouse what they remember from a old lesson. † The starting motor of the lesson will be a PowerPoint that will be synergistic and able to be used on the SMART Board. I decided to utilize PowerPoint as it is package that can be projected onto the SMART Board which will enable the kids to interact with the PowerPoint. Likewise PowerPoint is package that I have a batch of experience with, so I am able to determine that it is an exciting stimulation for the kids. Miller, Averis and Sherran, 2004, pg 7 describe in item how good utilizing PowerPoint/ synergistic whiteboard in the schoolroom can be. They suggest that it can motivate both the kids and the instructor ; in many instances it can help concentration. It is besides non clip consuming, leting farther clip for independent work. Potter and Roberts, 2002, besides study on the benefits of utilizing PowerPoint, â€Å" Using a computing machine helps pupils to widen their concentration and doggedness ; since they are extremely motivated to win in their undertaking, students will persist for far longer that they would with a undertaking on paper. † PowerPoint helps all kids with their concentration non merely those who are ocular and kinesthetic scholars. Looking at my ain experience in the schoolroom, when other instructors have used PowerPoint I have observed kids, who ne'er typically answer, seting their manus up and holding a attempt. I chose to utilize PowerPoint over any other package because of the broad scope of interaction and media available when utilizing it. Besides it is compatible with about all laptops and desktop computing machines, so there would be no issues, during the lesson, with compatibility. However some believe that there are issues when utilizing PowerPoint in the schoolroom, Brown, 2007, pg 1 notes that in some instances people/children can go un-affected by PowerPoint ‘s if they are used excessively much and in emanation. However it could be argued that if the presentations were synergistic and prosecuting so neither the kids nor the instructor would go tired of them. Chin, 2004, pg 29 besides notes a frequent issue when utilizing PowerPoint in the schoolroom. He believes that some instructors can be allured by the broad scope of media available and over usage it, therefore doing it endearing but besides deflecting for some kids. On the other manus the scope of media used, could, show a benefit to those in the schoolroom. This is because each type of media ( exposures, sketchs, picture, sound or graphs ) is suited to cover all of the different acquisition manners that the kids have. ICT should be used in the schoolroom at a assortment of times whether it is to ; present a subject, re-cap old lessons work, to informally assess kids or as an educational activity for those kids who have finished their work early. However there are besides times when ICT should non be used, the main clip is when a kid is fighting with their work ; this clip should be a one to one instructor focal point clip. The PowerPoint I used in my lesson links to the larning nonsubjective, â€Å" That there are many beginnings of visible radiation. â€Å" ( QCA, 1998, pg 2 ) This is taken from the QCA Schemes of work for Science. The PowerPoint ( Appendix A ) links to this peculiar acquisition aim. This is because it asks kids what kind of beginnings of visible radiation they can believe of. Then to widen their cognition the kids are so able to play a game placing the light beginnings. As I used PowerPoint during my lesson instead than any other ICT, I feel that the lesson flowed more easy. Besides as I used ICT at the beginning of the lesson I sense the kids were focused. By utilizing an synergistic piece of package I was able to detect the kids and inquiry them, whilst they were playing the game. Sing the PowerPoint and the kids in footings of accomplishment I feel as though it did assist the kids to carry through. The PowerPoint helped the kids meet the required acquisition aim, it besides help the kids to derive an apprehension of the many available light beginnings. When be aftering the independent portion of the lesson, I felt that this was the best country to assist get the better of the kids ‘s misconceptions. As radius about earlier the best manner to get the better of the misconceptions is through presentation. Wragg and Brown, 2001, pg 15 besides back up the theory of ‘how ‘ , â€Å" Wrapped inside a ‘why? ‘ inquiry is frequently a ‘how? ‘ inquiry. † The best manner to reply ‘how? ‘ is to actively include the inquirer in a presentation, this is frequently more helpful as the kids learn best by making, which Wragg and Brown ( 2 ) , 2001, pg 56 besides back up, â€Å" Most kids ( and grownups ) learn best when actively involved. † I decided to cover the learning aims, â€Å" That visible radiation is indispensable for seeing things † and â€Å" That when it is dark other senses can be used to assist us happen things and place things. † ( QCA, 1999, pg 2 ) To make this I covered three of the school desks with blinds, towels, covers and other stuff, I so ensured that under the tabular array was in darkness. I so laid out a assortment of objects under the tabular array and on the roof of the tabular array for the kids to happen. ( Appendix B ) I chose a few kids at a clip out of the category, before they went under the tabular array I questioned them as to how they were be aftering to happen the objects as it was traveling to be dark, this was to re implement the ‘different senses ‘ portion of the acquisition aim. Once the kids had found two or three objects, they were so asked to come out and place the object and state the others what they thought it was. For the plenary of the lesson I decided to garner all the kids on the rug to discourse they activity that they had merely done. I asked the kids about what they had used to happen the objects e.g. their custodies. I besides asked them about how they knew what each point was, this was to guarantee that they had achieved the lessons larning aim. The appraisal of the kids was done throughout the lesson ; this was done by observation of the kids ‘s apprehension during the lesson debut. This was besides done through oppugning the kids during the chief portion of the lesson on what senses they will utilize to happen the objects. The usage of oppugning during the lesson is as fast and easy attack of appraisal, â€Å" Questioning is one of the most utile methods of distinguishing appraisal. Oral and written responses to varied degrees and types of inquiries help the instructors officially and informally acquire an thought of how the category and single pupils are understanding the constructs of the unit of survey. † ( Northey, 2004, pg 146 ) As there was no written work, observation and oppugning were the most expert methods of appraisal during this lesson, it besides helped as I could en-visage if any of the kids were fighting during the starting motor and give them excess support. As this was a scientific discipline lesson none of the kids were split into ability groups. This was besides because for most of the lesson the kids were on the rug, those who were of lower ability were given excess support from the Particular Support Assistants, Farrell affirms this belief, â€Å" However, the chief ways of differentiating can be brought together in six attacks. These are: distinction by result, undertaking, support, schoolroom administration, resources and extension. † ( Farrell, 1999, pg 50 ) After learning the lesson, I experience that the lesson had really few major jobs. It is evident that the usage of play/demonstration helped the kids to larn, this is supported by many theoreticians. An old Chinese adage says, â€Å" I hear I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand. † ( Conficius, 551BC- 479BC ) If kids are to hear they bury, if they see something they will remember it, nevertheless if they do it they will grok the construct behind it. One job during the chief instruction activity was that under the tabular array, it was non dark plenty, which would consequence the result of placing the object. This was easy overcome by adding more stuff to do it darker. The kids were engaged while the PowerPoint was on during the lesson, although the game did over run into the chief instruction of the lesson, with respects to clip ; as a effect there was small clip for me to make inquiries with the kids. This nevertheless was overcome by oppugning them, whilst they were waiting to make the undertaking. The inquiring was an indispensable portion of the lesson, as mentioned before it was portion of the appraisal of the kids. In future when composing lesson programs, I shall compose approximative timings in each box, to guarantee that there is clip for oppugning. As I had planned portion of the lesson to get the better of any possible misconceptions or prepossessions I can be certain that the kids did non complete the lesson with any of them ; this is critical to the scientific discipline lessons subsequently in each cardinal phases. I feel as though the usage of ICT did better the instruction and acquisition of the lesson, I felt as though it helped to better and keep their concentration and apprehension. Williams, 2003, pg 8 besides agrees, â€Å" If the admiration and exhilaration of scientific discipline is non to be lost, so it is imperative that ICT should be included, non merely to streamline to treat, but to actuate the kids and heighten the quality of their acquisition. † However Farmey, 2002, page 131, notes a logical point that many instructors should inquire themselves, the followers, when believing about utilizing ICT, â€Å" Is the usage of ICT a better method than pencil and paper? The method hence being considered must offer advantages over the other attacks ; if it does non so the usage of ICT should be questioned. † In response to Farmey ‘s thought, looking at my usage of ICT in the lesson, I do non believe that the kids would hold benefited every bit much as they did if I was to hold used another method of learning. The acquisition was synergistic, and all the kids desired to hold a attempt at replying. Although another job faced was some of the kids gave unhoped replies in order to seek and utilize the synergistic whiteboard. If I were to utilize this type of presentation once more I would turn it into a merriment game where if they were to give a cockamamie reply I would be able to steal one of their points. On farther analysis of my lesson I do experience as though farther distinction was needed. Upon reiterating a similar lesson I would guarantee that those of lower ability were observed and assessed ( informally ) to guarantee that they had a clear apprehension. Upon looking back at the lesson program and the lesson itself, I have found three cardinal countries to look upon in the hereafter. These are ; the timing of the lesson, guaranting full distinction of the kids and besides guaranting the resources/ activity are equal. The first affair that asks for attending is the timing of the lesson ; this is indispensable to guarantee that the kids are covering all that is planned, â€Å" Regularly running out of clip alters the balance of the lesson and means the decision is neglected. † ( Overall & A ; Sangster, 2003, pg 181 ) Clocking demands to be kept in order for a full and proper plenary to take topographic point. The plenary of the lesson is where the chief portion of appraisal is done, if there is limited clip to make the appraisal so this does non organize an accurate history. Differentiation is another thing that needs attending in the hereafter. Although there was distinction, with the particular support helpers assisting the lower ability kids ; I feel as though there could hold been more accent on it. Hayes, 2006, pg 63 expressions at distinction being in two classs, â€Å" There are two chief types of distinction used by primary instructors. The first type is where all students are given similar undertakings to make but the outlook differs consequently to the student ‘s academic competency. The 2nd type of distinction is where students of different academic proficiency are given typical undertakings and activities on the same topic but with differing degrees of challenge. † Looking at Hayes, 2006, pg 63 If I was to make the lesson once more I would guarantee that the lower ability had more focussed help/encouragement, besides that the higher ability was given more ambitious objects to place. Finally it is besides indispensable that all resources/ activities are checked and ascertain that they will enable to better the kids ‘s acquisition. At the beginning of this assignment I discussed how I was traveling to look at be aftering a lesson in the scientific discipline course of study. I planned a lesson and utilizing the Hagiographas of assorted theoreticians the lesson was planned with cardinal characteristics remembered. I besides looked at how there are differing positions on the scientific discipline course of study subdivisions and besides the usage of PowerPoint/ ICT in the schoolroom. I besides evaluated the lesson I taught and looked at the jobs that I faced and so how they were overcome. From this I found three cardinal facets that I need to retrieve when be aftering future lessons. When be aftering to utilize ICT in the lesson I did happen it difficult to believe of an ICT constituent to utilize, so I decided to research some. Upon researching I did come across many theoreticians who did non favor utilizing ICT in scientific discipline, which did alarm me as to if there was traveling to be any benefits in utilizing ICT. However this encouraged me to make farther research and I did happen a batch of theoreticians who supported the usage of ICT. Upon composing and researching this assignment I feel as if I have gained more understanding of composing lesson programs. I have gained cognition of theoreticians contrasting positions and I have besides gained more whole category learning experience.